Jane Eyre Critical Analysis Essay - 1011 Words

In the second half of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Jane leaves Edward Rochester and stumbles upon the Rivers. Throughout her time at the Moors house, she develops bonds with newfound family and builds confidence as she starts to discover what she truly wants. Even though Jane later discovers that she has been given a fortune, she still decides to return to Rochester to fulfill her passion. As Jane leaves Rochester and discovers family and wealth, she makes one choice after another that shows her growing decisiveness. Unlike what Jane would’ve done in the beginning of Jane Eyre, Jane now makes choices that reflect her own desires without being tempted by others. Before, Jane always wanted to impress St John by doing every action†¦show more content†¦Diana and Mary Rivers have been an influential part of Jane’s development, they were the first people that are well-educated and have acted as true companions to Jane who share the same financial background as her. Throughout Jane’s time with the Rivers, Diana and Mary have told Jane the truth and have been on her side. When Jane tells Diana about St John’s proposal for Jane to go to India, Diana truthful says that Jane would die because, in India, â€Å" fatigue kills even the strong, and you are weak† (478). This friendship builds Jane’s confidence because he is able to rely on Diana and Mary for help and for support if she ever feels tempted by something or someone such as St John. When reunited wit h Mr.Rochester, Jane assures Mr. Rochester that she lived with people who loved her and will stand up for her. In addition to a family, Jane receives twenty thousand pounds, which allows her to be independent, and able to repay her cousins for their hospitality which allows her to no longer need to be dependent on anyone. Jane remarks that now, â€Å"those who had saved my life...I could now benefit† (445). Jane is now a provider, and she shares her newfound wealth with her family. Jane later expresses to Mr. Rochester that she is independent, and all the choices she makes, is because she wants to, and not that she feels obligated to repay anyone. Due to Jane’s choices, she rejoins Mr. Rochester in a small house in Ferdean, however this newShow MoreRelatedUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1740 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead More Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre: Love and Characterization2663 Words   |  11 Pagesmore reserved. Though a love can be expressed differently, this does not mean the people involved love each other any less. There are countless novels that focus on the love between characters, and each character loves differently. In Jane Eyre, Mr. Rochester and Jane have an impassioned affair, this affair is cut short by Jane’s realization that Mr.Rochester already has ties to another woman. In Pride and Prejudice, it is clear that Elizabeth Ben net and Fitzwilliam Darcy love each other very deeplyRead More A Comparison of the Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide2672 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subjective novelists tend to use personal attitudes to shape their characters. Whether it be an interjection of opinion here, or an allusion to personal experience there, the beauty of a story lies in the clever disclosure of the authors personality. Charlotte Bronte and Voltaire are no exceptions. Their most notable leading characters, Jane Eyre and Candide, represent direct expressions of the respective authors emotions andRead MoreJane Eyre2409 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre emerges with a unique voice in the Victorian period for the work posits itself as a sentimental novel; however, it deliberately becomes unable to fulfill the genre, and then, it creates an altogether divergent novel that demonstrates its superiority by adding depth of structure in narration and character portrayal. Joan D. Peters’ essay, Finding a Voice: Towards a Woman’s Discourse of Dialogue in the Narration of Jane Eyre positions Gerard Genette’s theory of convergenceRead MoreBeing the Meat in the Sandwich: Implications of the double colonisation of empire and patriarchy by the female characters in Wide Sargasso Sea2201 Words   |  9 Pagescolonialist] assumptions, subverting the text for post-colonial purposes’. (Tiffin, 1987) Such a revolutionary literary project is evidently realised in Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys, a prequel that ‘writes back the centre’ of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre (1847). Rhys is categorical about her conscious authorial intention: ‘I immediately thought Id write a story as it (the story of Bertha/Antoinette) might really have been.’ (Rhys, 1986) The novel revitalizes Bronte’s Bertha Mason, the madwoman inRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 PagesSummer Reading Notes Jane Eyre Background of author Name: Charlotte Bronte Birth/Death: April 21, 1816 to March 31,1855 Facts that connect: Mr. Brocklehurst is based off the Reverend Carus Wilson, the man who ran Cowan Bridge. Bronte lost two of her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to tuberculosis at Cowan Bridge. Bronte s brother, Patrick, became addicted to drugs and alcohol before he died. Similarities: She, along with her three sisters, was sent to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan BridgeRead MoreEssay about The Introduction of Feminist Criticism1815 Words   |  8 Pagesit was more pervasive and comprehensive in all fields of society, according feminist literary criticism found its way to critical theories. 2. Feminist Criticism Feminist criticism is a study of works written by female writers, describing womens life or representing womens consciousness. Arlyn Diamond and Lee R Edwards, in the foreword to The Authority o Experience: Essays in Feminist Criticism, point out that feminist critics, obviously, are distinguished by virtue of their particular concernRead MoreKate Bechdel s Fun Home Essay2365 Words   |  10 PagesBruce. In the following essay, I shall be exploring the representation of identity in Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home, mainly through a postcolonial feminist lens. My analysis will focus on Bruce and Alison’s interactions with each other and how Bechdel deconstructs the stereotypical ideals of gender roles and sexuality, via intertextual references. Feminist theory, though contrary to what the statement may suggest, is not simply one theory but consists of branches of various critical approaches that targetRead MoreSummer Reading2774 Words   |  12 Pagesclass and three novels if placed in an AP English class: Several grades will be given for the summer reading. ïÆ'Ëœ Dialectical response journals for each book (rubric attached). ïÆ'Ëœ Exams on the assigned novels within the first days of school. ïÆ'Ëœ In class essay questions on each of the novels. 9th Grade Regulars and Honors - Reading Assignment: 1. Fiction novel: The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkein *12 Dialectical Journal Entries 2. Nonfiction: A Walk Across America by Peter Jenkins *12 Dialectical Journal Entries

Egalitarianism Is The Belief Of Equality For All,...

Egalitarianism is the belief in equality for all, irrespective of class, gender or race. Hunter- gatherer societies are often described by anthropologists as egalitarian; however perhaps some, more so than others. The social organizations of peoples like the Pygmies of the Central African forests and the San (Bushmen) for example, are labelled â€Å"strikingly egalitarian† in contrast to Northwest Coast Indians who display â€Å"social stratification†. There is also evidence suggesting that descent groups â€Å"exercise corporate control over delimited tracts of resources such as fishing stations, hunting grounds and berrying areas† (Barnard and Spencer 2011: 364). This suggests that the hunter- gatherer ethos is practiced in diverse ways, depending on†¦show more content†¦G. Bicchieri, Ernest S. Burch, Jr., Carol R. Ember, Kirk M. Endicott, Roy Richard Grinker, Steve Gudeman, Mitsuo Ichikawa, Tim Ingold and George W. Wenzel 1992: 27). Hence Sahlins†™ findings can be attributed to the cosmic economy of sharing present in many hunter- gatherer societies, as they adopt an immediate- return system that demonstrates their commitment to maintaining an egalitarian way of living. In immediate- return societies â€Å"every individual has a share of the social product, regardless of how much he or she has contributed to it† (Lee and Daly 1999). This indicates the importance of a fair distribution of resources such as food that may become scarce at certain times during the year amongst hunter- gatherers. Among the Ju/’hoansi, the distribution of meat in particular is noted as a symbolic social event, whereby the arrangement of the pieces of meat can take up to an hour in order to ensure that each recipient is given the right proportion (Lee 1993:50). This ritual of sharing is also evident amongst the Hadza and !Kung tribes, with Woodburn suggesting that hoarding food when another person is hungry would be socially unacceptable (Woodburn 1982). Thus, perhaps food sharing in such a distinct social context can be interpreted as a sort of insurance policy that reduces the risk of starvation and hunger within the community as a whole, showing that the h unter- gather ethos values society over the individual. Despite many hunter-

Global Market Entry Modes Free Essays

Access to distribution network Contact with local suppliers and government officials Lack of control Lack of trust Conflicts arising over matters such as strategies, resource allocation, transfer pricing, 8. WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARIES Greater control and higher profits Strong commitment to the local market on the part of companies Allows the investor to manage and control marketing, production, and sourcing decisions Risks of full ownership Developing a foreign presence without the support of a third part Risk of nationalization Issues of cultural and economic sovereignty of the host country 9. Strategic Alliances Greenfield Operations Offer the company more flexibility than acquisitions in the areas of human resources, suppliers, logistics, plant layout, and manufacturing technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Market Entry Modes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Types of Strategic Alliances Simple licensing agreements between two partners Market-based alliances Operations and logistics alliances Operations-based alliances The Logic Behind Strategic Alliances Defend Catch-up Remain Restructure Cross-Border Alliances that Succeed: Alliances between strong and weak partners seldom work. Autonomy and flexibility Other factors: Commitment and support of the top of the partners’ organizations Strong alliance managers are the key Alliances between partners that are related in terms of products, technologies, and markets Similar cultures, assets sizes and venturing experience A shared vision on goals and mutual benefits 10. Timing of Entry International market entry decisions should also cover the following timing-of-entry issues: When should the firm enter a foreign market? Other important factors include: level of international experience, firm size Mode of entry issues, market knowledge, various economic attractiveness variables, etc. Reasons for exit: Sustained losses Volatility Premature entry Ethical reasons Intense competition Resource reallocation 1 1 . Exit Strategies Risks of exit: Fixed costs of exit Disposition of assets Signal to other markets Long-term opportunities Guidelines: Contemplate and assess all options to salvage the foreign business Incremental exit Migrate customers How to cite Global Market Entry Modes, Papers

Handbook theory of international economics - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Suppose that the government decides to subsidise exports of beef by paying a certain amount for each kg sold overseas. How does this export subsidy affect the domestic price of beef, the quantity of beef produced, the quantity of beef demanded, and the quantity of beef exported? 2. How does it affect consumer surplus, producer surplus, total surplus and government revenue? Illustrate your answer with a supply and demand diagram. 3. Suppose Canada imposed an import quota on Australian beef. Draw a graph and explain how this quota would influence the consumer prices of beef in Canada, consumer surplus (CS) and producer surplus (PS), benefits of beef importers, and the amount of deadweight loss in Canada. 4. State and discuss two arguments that could be advanced in support of trade protection. Answers: Answer 1 Government provides export subsidy to promote export in the country. The following figure explain the effect of a subsidy on beef exported from Australia to Canada. Figure 1: Effect of export subsidy in Australia (Source: as created by Author) In the above DD and SS are the domestic demand and domestic supply curve of beef. The world price is set at PW. At this price, domestic demand of beef equals D0 and domestic supply is S0. At the world price the Australia exported (D0 S0) amount of beef. Suppose that, government provides a subsidy of s. The subsidy raises price received by the domestic exporter to PWS. The domestic consumers now faced a high price. The high price received by the domestic beef producers now encourage them to produce more (Gopinath, G., Helpman, E. and Rogoff, K. eds., 2014). At the price PWS, the domestic supply now increases to S1 while domestic demand reduces to D1. The increased supply and reduced demand in the domestic market increase the volume of export. The quantity of beef exported now become (S1 D1) Answer 2 After the export subsidy, welfare of the consumers in Australia is reduced. The increase in domestic price reduces the consumer surplus previously received by them. The loss in consumer surplus is given by the area (a + b). Beef producers in Australia now receives a high price and therefore experiences a higher surplus. The improved welfare of the producers are given by (a + b + c + d + e). Consumers in Canada now face a lower import price given as PWM. The difference between prices received by Australian producers and Canadian consumers is the amount of subsidy. Government pays the subsidy out of its total revenue (Hazari 2016). The loss in government revenue is the area (b + c + d + e + f + h + i + j + k + l). There are two negative impact on total welfare one from reduced consumer surplus and one from reduced government revenue and only one positive impact in the form of increased consumer surplus. The net impact of total welfare is negative. National welfare reduced by (b + f + h + i + j + k +l). Answer 3 An import quota places a restriction on the quantity of good imported. The figure below shows the impact of import quota on beef in Canada. Figure 2: Effect of import quota in Canada (Source: as created by Author) PW is the world price of beef. At the world price, Q1D amount of beef is demanded while domestic supply is only up to Q1S. The excess demand of beef over its supply is imported from Australia. The imported amount of beef is (Q1D Q1S). Now suppose, Canada restricted import to (Q2D Q2S). The proposed import quota raises price to Canadian consumer to PQ. With import quota there is a loss in consumer surplus given by area (C + D + E + E + F). With an increase in domestic price, the surplus to domestic producers increase from G to G + C (Booth and Erskine 2016). The quota rent is given the area E+E. Importers in Canada benefitted from importing Australian beef and selling them at a high price. The import quota leads to a welfare loss of (D+F). Answer 4 The two arguments in favor of trade protection policy are infant industry argument and Diversification of Industry argument. The infant industry argument supports protectionist policy on the ground that industries that are not completely developed need protection from foreign competitors. This holds true particularly for countries that are in their initial stage of industrialization. The industries are protected from foreign competition by imposing an import tariff or import quota (Ricardo 2017). Trade protection is supported with the argument of industry diversification. Excessive specialization results in an unbalanced economy by increasing countrys dependence on other countries. This is dangerous both economically and politically. In order to encourage diversified industries within the country, policymakers often restricts free trade among nations. References Booth, K. and Erskine, T. eds., 2016.International relations theory today. John Wiley Sons. Gopinath, G., Helpman, E. and Rogoff, K. eds., 2014.Handbook of international economics(Vol. 4). Elsevier. Hazari, B., 2016.The pure theory of international trade and distortions. Routledge. Ricardo, D., 2017. On foreign trade. In200 Years of Ricardian Trade Theory(pp. 233-268). Springer, Cham.

The war of the worlds by HG Wells Essay Example For Students

The war of the worlds by HG Wells Essay It is said that science fiction is known as the literature of change. This is mostly down to the fact that no one has ever come up with a widely accepted definition for the genre. The so called, components for science fiction remain the same; speculation of the future based around the world we live in, superior technology or races we may encounter in the future, and finally possible outcomes this may have on individuals or the human race. Some say science fiction is a branch of fantasy, whilst others claim that it is simply known facts being developed. I think George May has come the closest to defining science fiction science fiction is what you find on the shelves in the library marked science fiction. H. G Wells was a pioneer in this undefined genre, as he was one of the first writers to combine science and advancements in technology, and at the same time, the human input and outlook upon these situations and how these unknown circumstances affect people. H. G wells was a scientist, not only did he write fictional books, but he also went on to write science text books as well his own scientific papers. We will write a custom essay on The war of the worlds by HG Wells specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During the late 1800s, the theory of evolution was published, Britains industry was booming, not to mention the countless scientific and creative breakthroughs being made at the time. This was a disconcerting time for many, especially the religious, and such times are regarded as ideal conditions for science-fiction authors. Wells at the early stages of War of The Worlds employs the use of a scientist, Ogilvy a well known astronomer, this is so that Wells can add a sense of credibility to his ideas by making them come from an astronomer. As well as a scientist, he uses scientific terms to assist him. The sun at a mean distance of 140,000,000 miles, the use of this kind of language implies a great scientific and mathematical understanding. This, right from the start, creates a sense of realism about the book. It ties in with an issue raised in the intro about science fiction; developing known facts and exploring the boundaries. Wells is starting this here, yet man so vain no writer expressed any idea that intelligent life might have developed. To open up the audiences mind, to give him licence to explore and keep the audience open-minded. The Martian presence in the book is also linked with science fiction, as it is them who are the main influence on the human race and the narrator. Their superior technology and weaponry is a key feature in the book devastating heat ray, People or individuals are an important part of science fiction, as it is how they react, which can make a science fiction story, it is important to mention the social context of the book, if we are to understand Wells inspiration. Queen Victoria celebrated her Golden Jubilee the year before the book was published, things seemed to be set in stone, socially anyway. People more or less had a black and white view on the world, and the way things should be wrong. People cared strongly about where they were in the social hierarchy, which existed, as well as their marital status. However after the theory of evolution, the church was heavily damaged, suddenly the door of possibilities was open for all. Many, including Wells looked at the world in a different light. Wells, now, did not now agree with the classist attitudes in Britain at the time, he came from the working classes himself, he displays this through his writing. He believes all men are the same in the eyes of the Martians, the superiors, and it has taken a catastrophic chain of events to make the human race realise this. Martians and humans, he describes as men and ants. He also describes the worlds as being in splendid isolation. Much like the British Empire was, in a self-absorbed ignorant cocoon. H. G Wells expands on this criticism in his first chapter, Before we judge them too harshly. tter destruction our own species has wrought. .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b , .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .postImageUrl , .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b , .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b:hover , .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b:visited , .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b:active { border:0!important; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b:active , .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf5820ea36eaaffa1915ed1c3a271260b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe EssayHere he is telling the story of the British killing other races and enslaving other civilisations, treating them badly and in some cases sub-human. Science fiction is all about change, possibilities, and now, Wells is making a statement to his audience, what does it to take for our prejudice to end? Wells himself is trying to change the world, perceptions, just like science-fiction he trying to influence and foretell the future. The book is predominately told from the narrators point of view, recounting events in the 1st person, looking back on the invasion. This takes away something from the end, since we know the narrator clearly survives, as he is writing in the 1st person in the past in the first chapter If I knew then what I know now. He is retelling events which happened six years previously. However, since the narrator is not named, this adds accessibility with this story, making it easier to identify with him. So while the reader knows that he will survive in the end, we feel for him more strongly, yet the end suffers as it is less intense, but the events leading up to it are more powerful, as we feel a connection with this apparently omniscient, all knowing narrator.

The Role of Gender

The Role of Gender Free Online Research Papers Whom do you see when you look in the mirror? I do not know about you , but I am sure about myself. I am a woman in my body and soul. I never thought deeply about gender role before writing this essay. After reading few essays, I am sure,we need harmony in our lives which is a balance of all elements that present us as a whole. Once the individual is liberated from a confined gender role , he gets more freedom to understand who he is and chooses whom who he wants to be. This freedom of his choice ultimately leads him to a harmonious and a balanced life. Since harmony leads to happiness , then society starts to consist of satisfied individuals, instead of disturbed ones. That is why both male and female look for a partner that can bring this harmony into their relationship. In Becoming Members of Society : Learning the Social Meaning of Gender , Aaron H. Devor explains differences between gender and sexuality. Gender is typically based on anatomical differences between men and women, but does not necessarily match with them. Gender role â€Å" may be changed without changes being made to biological sex characteristics† . Gender is socially and culturally determined; it is not biologically determined. Gender roles can influence all kinds of behavior, such as choice of clothing, choice of work and personal relationships; for example , parental roles. Everyone since childhood absorbs â€Å"the generalized standards of society into their personal concept of what is correct behavior† . â€Å"History shows us how completely our gender derives from cultural myths about what is proper for men and women to think , enjoy , and do.† Howe ver, during childhood and adolescence, gender identities which differ from the norm are often the cause of ridicule, mockery , and banishment, which often results in psychological problems. Some are able to camouflage their differences, but others cannot. Even though people have become more tolerant, there are still some who are not willing to except things out of the norm which is why the society has not gained the balance it needs. I agree with Aaron H. Devor who writes : â€Å"As children, and later adults,learn the rules of membership in society, they come to see themselves in terms they have learned from the people around them.† I am not an exception from them who â€Å" learn their culture’s social definitions of gender and gender identity at the same time that they learn what gender behaviors are appropriate for them† . I grew up in the USSR where article 35 of the Soviet Constitution clearly stated that women and men have equal rights and possess equal access to education and training, employment, promotions, and remuneration and to participation in social, political, and cultural activity. My mother and I , as most married women in the Soviet Union , worked outside the home in addition to fulfilling their roles of wife, mother, and homemaker. As in other industrialize d countries, Soviet women had difficulty adjusting the demands of career and home. At home, Soviet women spent more than twice as much time on housework as men. Finally, the idea of Clara Zetkin and Eleanor Marx who â€Å" were against the demonization of men and supported a proletarian revolution that would overcome as many male-female inequalities as possible† has led to women to exhibit masculine characteristics , to the ideal of the Soviet woman who will stop a galloping stallion, will enter a burning house(N.A.Nekrasov from poem â€Å"Russian Women†).Women became courageous, aggressive, heroic, bold who did not need protection and helping from men. Is it bad or good? Maybe for society , it is good because educated and strong women would be useful for its economy. For the individuals, I do not know. However, I miss Bunin’s , Pushkin’s, Tolstoiâ €™s woman who is feminina, affectionate, and tender. So, for the most part, Soviet women lost the many qualities of being feminine. â€Å" The clusters of social definitions to identify persons by gender are collectively known as femininity and masculinity† . What are femininity and masculinity ? Basically, it is not a difficult question for anyone because we are adults who have our own meaning about these words. According to Devor , every gender role has his own characteristics : â€Å" masculinity usually characterized by dominance and aggression, and femininity by passivity and submissionâ€Å"; â€Å"masculine thirst for power, which can, but need not, lead to aggression, and the feminine quest for harmony and communal well-being, which can, but need not , result in passivity and dependence.† . I think that this statement gives us a point of view about our natural roots which we all have. Devor writes that the dominant gender schema in North American society â€Å" leads us to believe that female and male behaviors are the result of socially directed hormonal instructions which specify that females will want to have children and will therefore find themselves relatively helpless and dependent on males for support and protection† . What does the dominant gender schema mean ? This cultural schema is a matrix of rules which govern the organization of sex, gender, and sexuality. In outline, those rules teach members of their societies to believe that sex, gender, and sexuality interact in a dichotomized and biologically deterministic fashion. Thus, according to the dictates of the dominant gender schema, all persons can belong to one, and only one, sex throughout their entire lifetimes, and all persons automatically and permanently belong to their corresponding genders. (from Devor,H. (1997).†Female Gender Dysphoria : Personal Problem or Social Problem?†) If liberation in Western society gives all people freedom for making choice of their gender role, how do these rules work? How is it possible to choose between both gender roles when the individual is multifarious? â€Å" It is possible to point to multitudinous exceptions to, and variations on, these themes† . For example, nowadays we have a lot of new words which characterize uncounted gender roles and whose definitions I do not understand well. There are Transgender, Transsexual, Crossdresser, Gender Queer, Intersex, Two Spirit, , Kathoey, Drag King, Drag Queen, Queer, Lesbian, Gay, Straight, Butch, Femme, Faerie, Homosexual, Bisexual, Heterosexual . When Devor uses the term gender, he refers to persons social statuses as women, girls, men, boys, or variously transgendered. In contemporary North American societies, genders are generally assumed to be direct social demonstration of persons sexes. However, when Devor uses the term gender, he does not share that assumption. Rather, when Devor calls people women, men or transgendered , he assumes only that they demonstrate enough femininity or masculinity to make them recognizable as women, men or transgendered. Devor does not assume anything about their sexes without further information (from How Many Sexes? How Many Genders? When Two Are Not Enough, 3rd Western Canadian Sexual Health Conference, Edmonton, Alta, May, 1998.). So, everyone in Western society has to choose his own gender role because we have many options to choose from in order to retain balance in ourselves. Now we have many versions of gender role, but this variability is not understandable for me because I grew up and matured in society where the individual had to choose only one from two gender roles : â€Å" All persons are either male or female. All males are first boys and then men; all females are first girls and then women† . But I understand other people and I am sure that every individual should have his own choice of his own gender role. Our world does not have only white and black colors, it is multicolored. Everyone should find harmony and balance inside himself because it is one of the part of our happiness. And I am sure that after he will find his own life’s partner , who will complete him as whole. So, it is good for the individual. I am sure, if the every person , who has found his own balance , becomes more pol ite and patient to others’ choices , our society will become more harmonious. So, it is good for society. Certainly, gender revolution gives us liberation from binary and permanent vision of gender. For example woman’s revolution leads to â€Å"equality between the sexes†¦.But we need to recognize that there have been both gains and losses in this revolution† . I think, this equality leads to wipe off the definition of gender at all. I very often hear a word, that is new to me- unisex which means gender-blind. But I do not like that. I like to be a Woman who needs a Man . For me, dependence on a man is not a bad thing because it is not submission or worship. I like to evoke the romantic feeling and to be ladylike in mans’ eyes . I do not want to be â€Å" strong and aggressive- like men† . I think that the woman’s power is in her weakness. But it is my choice . Certainly, women’s revolution brings bear on s ociety and , as a result ,† a woman today has the choice of every occupation that used to be reserved for men , plus traditional women’s role.† It is not too bad. On one hand, an educated and strong woman should be useful for society, its progress and evolution. But on the other hand, now feminists go too far and as a result I see men’s discrimination. I know some examples: women may get marred at younger ages than men in Ukraine and some U.S. states ;men pay higher premiums for auto, health, life and disability insurance. I think that for balance in our life we need equal opposing forces as a result after the fight at both antipodes. If a woman chooses masculinity, what kind of partner will give her a balanced relationship? What kind of a partner completes a strong and a manlike woman for balance? Someone gives an ansver : we need to go back to nature . Basically, I agree with Mansfield completely , when I read his words: â€Å"For the most part, men will always have more manliness than women have, and it is up to both sexes to fashion this fact into something good† . But I think, we should find harmony and balance in our life, but first everyone should find his own equanimity and understand himself. Then , when you look in the mirror , you will know who you are. References 1.Alexes de Tocqueville,† How the Americans Understand the Equality of the Sexes â€Å". From Colombo ,G., Cullen, R., Lisie B.Rereading America. Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s , Boston, New York. Seven Edition.2007, p. 376-380. 2.Bebel, August, Woman under Socialism (University Press of the Pacific, 2004), 3.Colombo ,G., Cullen, R., Lisie B.Rereading America. Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s , Boston, New York. Seven Edition.2007. 4.Devor , Aaron H.,† Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender.† From Gender Blending : Confronting the Limits of Duality by Holly 5.Devor. Copyringht 1998 by Indiana University Press. Mansfield, Harvey. â€Å" The Manliness of Men.† From Manliness by Mansfield, Harvey .2003 Originally published in The American Enterprise,2003. Research Papers on The Role of GenderInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMind TravelEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment

Health Care Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Health Care Roles - Essay Example It can also help sick individuals to find support from being a part of groups comprised of other patients who are also in similar situations and thereby influence or reinforce their attitudes to the illness and aid them in developing coping mechanisms.(NCI, 1989) Communication may be verbal, which is the spoken communication, or non-verbal which contributes meaning to the verbal expressions or may occur independently of verbal communication – such as the body motions and gestures, facial expressions, smiles, nods, which also function as a medium of communication. While communication itself is the process of transmission of messages and the interpreting of their meaning, during therapeutic communication, a care giver seeks to communicate with empathy and elicit such responses from the patient which will be beneficial to his or her well being. Therapeutic communication is geared towards promoting the well being of the patient through communication and interpretation of both verbal and non verbal cues. It is especially useful in the field of nursing and in the care of patients who may face chronic health conditions, because it is an aid in facilitating positive clinical outcomes. The given scenario concerns the patient Vivian, who has been suffering form abdominal pains for some time but has not been able to avail of health services due to a lack of health insurance. However, as soon as she gets a job and secures health insurance, she schedules an appointment with the doctor. The dà ©cor of the waiting room is stark stark, with only two notices up on the wall – one stating â€Å"Turn off cell phones† and the other â€Å"have co-pay ready.† She signs in at the front desk but before she can even begin to state her problems and mention the pain she is in, the assistant tells her to take a seat and calls another patient who

Historical Figures and their impact on American History Essay

Historical Figures and their impact on American History - Essay Example James Madison: In Focus Being the fourth President of the United States, James Madison has had made his signature over the focal pages of the country’s voluminous biography which unravels into the present day. Moreover, James Madison was said to be the beginning of the exceptional constitutional government of America, which until now, can be felt (Rives 2). As a background, the hero of this story came from Orange County but was born in Port Conway, Virginia on a faithful Wednesday on the 16th of March, 1751. James Madison Sr. was in possession of a substantially organized tobacco plant in their hometown. For a boy who grew up on the state of Virginia, it was only orderly to inherit their father’s labor in the plantations. However, James exhibited great potential even in his youth with a fondness for reading and learning and so they made certain to give their child the proper education (Mattern 13). Then the College of New Jersey, Madison received his schooling from Prin ceton but did so in an impressive and condensed time frame. People of great importance over the nation had already caught a glimpse of the strength that Madison wielded through his contemplation and his statements the same emanation of intellectual competence that his parents saw. He was appointed to form the Virginia Declaration of Rights and took part in the Governor’s Council, Continental Congress as well as the Virginia State Legislature (Vile 7 ). These were the significant moments and occurrences on the life of James Madison that were molding him into the wise engineer of the United States. Probing more of James Madison’s earlier stories would reveal the effects of an upbringing in such a firmly intertwined structure of family and relatives. Even while already on service for the Continental Congress, he could not stay away from his home in Orange County. The place in which he took his first breath into the world would also be the last place he closed his eyes at his age of 85 on June 28, 1836. This special association with his relatives had an effect on his political life as well, as the Madison family was known to have ties with the sheriffs, country lieutenants, justices of the peace and members of the legislature in Virginia (Ketcham 6). Most of his life’s crucial works would be reared from his home state. Living at the period of the American Revolution, he was a pivotal force for its success. His duty was not in the line of battle nor on establishing foreign connections and political negotiations. James Madison was after all a cerebral leader. He went on with his patriotic intentions and concentrated on in the determination of the right kind of government for his country (Mattern 6). After their declaration of independence from Great Britain on the year of 1776, James Madison’s role persisted in creating a better government and in effect, rebuilding a better nation. James Madison had numerous, key contributions for the nat ions. One of the very first is his work of the Virginia report during the year of 1787 which would later be the blueprint for a work with much immensity in a substantial degree of significance--United States Constitution (Kernell 147). Along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, James Madison wrote â€Å"The Federalist Papers† from 1787 to 1788 in the hopes of the people of United States to embrace their work. The

Hearts of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hearts of Darkness - Essay Example The novel ‘heart of darkness’, 1889, by Joseph Conrad documents the attitudes on racism and colonialism characterized by the European imperialism. The novel documents document the story of a European named Kurtz who explored the Congo and managed to establish himself as a god. The novel got adapted by Francis Ford Coppola into a film ‘apocalypse now’, 1979, which goes further to examine the imperialist effects on the victims and perpetrators. Unlike the novel, the movie gets set in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. A look at both the film and novel reveals just how imperialism had a profound effect on both the perpetrators and victims. Both the film and movie set out on a journey to find out just how the imperialist wars transformed the perpetrators. They reveal the madness that imperial action had on both the victims and the perpetrator. In ‘apocalypse now’, the story gets based upon Conrad’s novel but instead of focusing on the Congo, the film focuses on the unexplainable venture of America into Vietnam. Colonel Willard sets out with a crew on a United States Army patrol boat in search of Colonel Kurtz, regarded as one of the army’s most decorated soldier and has instilled his control deep within enemy territory (Coppola). At the end of both the film and the movie, the viewer or reader gets to witness just how the war transformed the character named Kurtz. The end of the film and novel reveal just what has become of Kurtz and his thought process. It becomes clear that the war transformed the European idealism of imperialism in Africa and the American idealism in the film. A clear impact of imperialism in both the film and novel can get witnessed on the character named Kurtz. In the novel, Kurtz has managed to slip deep into enemy territory to the farthest reaches of the Congo. There, he has established himself as a

Alcoholism as the Plot Builder of Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and Damned Essay Example for Free

Alcoholism as the Plot Builder of Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and Damned Essay To echo Fitzgerald’s postulation of Antony Patch’s messed up life, â€Å"†¦As winter approached it seemed that a sort of madness seized upon Anthony. He awoke in the morning so nervous that Gloria could feel him trembling in the bed before he could muster enough vitality to stumble into the pantry for a drink. He was intolerable now except under the influence of liquor, and as he seemed to decay and coarsen under her eyes, Glorias soul and body shrank away from himCITATION Fit02 p 111 l 1033 (Fitzgerald, 2002, p. 111)† This is a depiction of a desperate man’s life that has turned to alcohol after experiencing multiple frustrations in life all through his adulthood and a wife who is drawn away from him for this reason. How Antony Patch’s character is molded and developed in the novel is just but a reflection of the messed lives of many uber-rich adults who were lucky enough to be born in rich families but ended up blowing up lifetime opportunities in wasteful escapades of lavish spending during the excessive drinking and partying Jazz Era of the 1920s. Ideally, The Beautiful and Damned is about Anthony Patch who is married Gloria Gilbert and they are hypnotized with the party life. They lead an extravagant life where they enjoy throwing and attending parties which eventually develops to a habit of drinking o a daily basis. Such was the life of Anthony Patch who had mastered the art of laziness leading a valueless life only eager for his grandfather to pass on so as to inherit his multimillion fortunes .Patch’s drinking habits were picked while at school in Princeton where his initial life was tied around books but due to peer influence channeled through his schoolmates who thought of him as being dull and a hopeless romantic, he besought to drinking just like the rest of his peers and vowed to explore the world and party using his family fortune. At some point in life, Anthony Patch is enrolled into Camp Hooker during the war years but he proves to be mentally disoriented as he spends his days in the camp getting drunk and t o cap it all picked up a mistress. Though the move of enrolled into Camp Hooker is considered as a patriotic one, his friends at the camp are another worthless lot who gratify and support his drinking tendencies by indulging in the same with him. His drinking trysts make him a favorite among his camp buddies for he is treated respect for the incessant parties he throws while at camp thus putting to light contemptibility and stupidity of his friends CITATION Mau22 l 1033 (Maunsell, 1922). Patch then meets Gloria Gilbert who beauty is impeccable and he is quickly swept off is feet as he vows to pursue his romantic desires to his life’s death with Gloria. Gloria herself is a replica of Antony for her dogma is satisfaction of worldly pleasures as she selflessly puts it herself, â€Å"If I wanted anything, Id take it I cant be bothered resisting things I want†¦ (Fitzgerald, 2002, p. 235)† It is with the same creed that she detests her husband’s inability to continuously sustain her lavish and innumerable cocktails. Just like everyone else, this couple turns to alcoholism to camouflage their life frustrations to the extent that Anthony cannot do without a taste of the bottle described in Gloria’s own words, â€Å"Oh no, he doesn’t show it anymore unless he can hardly stand up, and  he talks alright till he gets excited. He talks much  better than he does when he’s sober. But he’s been sitting here all day drinking- except for the time it took him to walk the corner for a newspaper†¦ (Fitzgerald, 2002, p. 398)† This entry at towards the end of the novel shows how despicable and dependable Antony patch’s life has been on alcohol after missing out on his grandfather’s fortune and the same being directed towards a servant. Perhaps, Patch’s party and drinking habits were fueled by the fact that he was heir to a rich empire built by his rather strict disciplinarian grandfather who gave no room to unvalued morals. An event where he walks into one of Gloria and Antony’s raucous wild party at their apartment is a representation of his disgust and vilification for irresponsible behavior. His body language and events that transpire after this speaks volumes about his disciplinary antics; at the party, he stares at a white-faced Antony with disgust and in disbelief and utters five denouncing words to the young man in front of him, â€Å"†¦Well go back to Suttleworth..(Fitzgerald, 2002, p. 235)† The mood in the mood is all somber, both Gloria and Patch are frightened by Cross Patch’s presence but he silently walks out of the room after his works. Repercussions that follow are that gets disinherited of his grandfather’s fortune and it is directed towards a servant. They co ntest the decision after his grandfather’s passing but it only makes them more miserable as they entrenched deeper into alcoholism to drown their sorrows. The Damned and beautiful closes as tragic story of an individual who had it all but wasted the opportunity through lavish parties and alcoholism to end up in a wheel chair by age thirty three. References   Fitzgerald, F. S. (2002). The Beautiful and The Damned . New York : Simon Schuster . Maunsell, F. L. (1922, March 5). Latest Works of Fiction: The Beautiful and The Damned . Retrieved October 11, 2014, from The New York Times : http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/24/specials/fitzgerald-damned.html Source document

Essay --

The American and Chinese culture have a different perspective of what ghost really are. The word ghost has many different meanings in The Woman Warrior. As Maxine was growing up apart from her family’s culture but in a different culture, she knows she is alone. Americans have many different customs than the Chinese do. The ghost change depending on everyone’s point of view. Her mother, Brave Orchid, would describe these different people as ghost, because they weren’t of her culture. The only important people are the Chinese people. They didn’t speak the same language or worked as hard as they did. In the memoir, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, Kingston uses the motif of ghosts, to establish the separation between different cultures as an individual yearns to understand who she is. One way the Chinese culture interprets the word ghost is people who disgrace their own family. As in Maxine no name Aunt, she had a baby outside her marriage so she became a disgrace to her family. They called her â€Å"Ghost! Dead ghost! You have never been born† (Kingston 14). Maxine is ...

Funding Higher Education Essay

In order to address budget requirements during revenue deficit years, other opportunities are available to the government other than simply raising taxes. One viable opportunity is opening research facilities in higher education to private use. Higher education institutions have various wet and dry laboratories that can be very useful to commercial and other private business entities conducting research. Some of these entities usually enter contracts with private laboratories. By opening school resources, government would be able to tap the finances of these private entities into the schools. In fact, the government can take this strategy one step further by constructing an internship curriculum for its students that involve working on private company projects (Gordon, 2000). Through such an internship program, qualified students would be sent to work in school facilities on research work required by funding entities. Of course, interns would be given an appropriate allowance. This provides an innovative and practical learning experience for the students as well as a minimal source of income. Furthermore, it creates linkages to the industry where they might be able to more conveniently find employment after graduation. Another possible strategy is opening campus grounds to private promotional projects. These projects set up booths and conduct activities that target the attention of students and/or faculty members to avail of certain products or services. Of course, entities that would like to promote their products would have to be screened thoroughly according to the academic institution’s mission-vision to ensure that no contradictions are present. These two strategies can raise revenue up to appropriate levels and allow the school budget to be funded for the revenue deficit academic year. Reference Gordon, J. (2000). Private Education Management. N. Y. : Doubleday.

Deception Point Page 19

Rachel found herself uncharacteristically tongue-tied. Sensory overload was setting in†¦ the habisphere, the meteorite, the secrets, finding herself unexpectedly face-to-face with a television star. â€Å"I'm surprised to see you here,† she said, attempting to recover. â€Å"When the President told me he'd recruited civilian scientists for authentication of a NASA find, I guess I expected†¦ † She hesitated. â€Å"Real scientists?† Tolland grinned. Rachel flushed, mortified. â€Å"That's not what I meant.† â€Å"Don't worry about it,† Tolland said. â€Å"That's all I've heard since I got here.† The administrator excused himself, promising to catch up with them later. Tolland turned now to Rachel with a curious look. â€Å"The administrator tells me your father is Senator Sexton?† Rachel nodded. Unfortunately. â€Å"A Sexton spy behind enemy lines?† â€Å"Battle lines are not always drawn where you might think.† An awkward silence. â€Å"So tell me,† Rachel said quickly, â€Å"what's a world-famous oceanographer doing on a glacier with a bunch of NASA rocket scientists?† Tolland chuckled. â€Å"Actually, some guy who looked a lot like the President asked me to do him a favor. I opened my mouth to say ‘Go to hell,' but somehow I blurted, ‘Yes, sir.'† Rachel laughed for the first time all morning. â€Å"Join the club.† Although most celebrities seemed smaller in person, Rachel thought Michael Tolland appeared taller. His brown eyes were just as vigilant and passionate as they were on television, and his voice carried the same modest warmth and enthusiasm. Looking to be a weathered and athletic forty-five, Michael Tolland had coarse black hair that fell in a permanent windswept tuft across his forehead. He had a strong chin and a carefree mannerism that exuded confidence. When he'd shaken Rachel's hand, the callused roughness of his palms reminded her he was not a typical â€Å"soft† television personality but rather an accomplished seaman and hands-on researcher. â€Å"To be honest,† Tolland admitted, sounding sheepish, â€Å"I think I was recruited more for my PR value than for my scientific knowledge. The president asked me to come up and make a documentary for him.† â€Å"A documentary? About a meteorite? But you're an oceanographer.† â€Å"That's exactly what I told him! But he said he didn't know of any meteorite documentarians. He told me my involvement would help bring mainstream credibility to this find. Apparently he plans to broadcast my documentary as part of tonight's big press conference when he announces the discovery.† A celebrity spokesman. Rachel sensed the savvy political maneuverings of Zach Herney at work. NASA was often accused of talking over the public's head. Not this time. They'd pulled in the master scientific communicator, a face Americans already knew and trusted when it came to science. Tolland pointed kitty-corner across the dome to a far wall where a press area was being set up. There was a blue carpet on the ice, television cameras, media lights, a long table with several microphones. Someone was hanging a backdrop of a huge American flag. â€Å"That's for tonight,† he explained. â€Å"The NASA administrator and some of his top scientists will be connected live via satellite to the White House so they can participate in the President's eight o'clock broadcast.† Appropriate, Rachel thought, pleased to know Zach Herney didn't plan to cut NASA out of the announcement entirely. â€Å"So,† Rachel said with a sigh, â€Å"is someone finally going to tell me what's so special about this meteorite?† Tolland arched his eyebrows and gave her a mysterious grin. â€Å"Actually, what's so special about this meteorite is best seen, not explained.† He motioned for Rachel to follow him toward the neighboring work area. â€Å"The guy stationed over here has plenty of samples he can show you.† â€Å"Samples? You actually have samples of the meteorite?† â€Å"Absolutely. We've drilled quite a few. In fact, it was the initial core samples that alerted NASA to the importance of the find.† Unsure of what to expect, Rachel followed Tolland into the work area. It appeared deserted. A cup of coffee sat on a desk scattered with rock samples, calipers, and other diagnostic gear. The coffee was steaming. â€Å"Marlinson!† Tolland yelled, looking around. No answer. He gave a frustrated sigh and turned to Rachel. â€Å"He probably got lost trying to find cream for his coffee. I'm telling you, I went to Princeton postgrad with this guy, and he used to get lost in his own dorm. Now he's a National Medal of Science recipient in astrophysics. Go figure.† Rachel did a double take. â€Å"Marlinson? You don't by any chance mean the famous Corky Marlinson, do you?† Tolland laughed. â€Å"One and the same.† Rachel was stunned. â€Å"Corky Marlinson is here?† Marlinson's ideas on gravitational fields were legendary among NRO satellite engineers. â€Å"Marlinson is one of the President's civilian recruits?† â€Å"Yeah, one of the real scientists.† Real is right, Rachel thought. Corky Marlinson was as brilliant and respected as they came. â€Å"The incredible paradox about Corky,† Tolland said, â€Å"is that he can quote you the distance to Alpha Centauri in millimeters, but he can't tie his own necktie.† â€Å"I wear clip-ons!† a nasal, good-natured voice barked nearby. â€Å"Efficiency over style, Mike. You Hollywood types don't understand that!† Rachel and Tolland turned to the man now emerging from behind a large stack of electronic gear. He was squat and rotund, resembling a pug dog with bubble eyes and a thinning, comb-over haircut. When the man saw Tolland standing with Rachel, he stopped in his tracks. â€Å"Jesus Christ, Mike! We're at the friggin' North Pole and you still manage to meet gorgeous women. I knew I should have gone into television!† Michael Tolland was visibly embarrassed. â€Å"Ms. Sexton, please excuse Dr. Marlinson. What he lacks in tact, he more than makes up for in random bits of totally useless knowledge about our universe.† Corky approached. â€Å"A true pleasure, ma'am. I didn't catch your name.† â€Å"Rachel,† she said. â€Å"Rachel Sexton.† â€Å"Sexton?† Corky let out a playful gasp. â€Å"No relation to that shortsighted, depraved senator, I hope!† Tolland winced. â€Å"Actually, Corky, Senator Sexton is Rachel's father.† Corky stopped laughing and slumped. â€Å"You know, Mike, it's really no wonder I've never had any luck with the ladies.† 22 Prize-winning astrophysicist Corky Marlinson ushered Rachel and Tolland into his work area and began sifting through his tools and rock samples. The man moved like a tightly wound spring about to explode. â€Å"All right,† he said, quivering excitedly, â€Å"Ms. Sexton, you're about to get the Corky Marlinson thirty-second meteorite primer.† Tolland gave Rachel a be-patient wink. â€Å"Bear with him. The man really wanted to be an actor.† â€Å"Yeah, and Mike wanted to be a respected scientist.† Corky rooted around in a shoebox and produced three small rock samples and aligned them on his desk. â€Å"These are the three main classes of meteorites in the world.† Rachel looked at the three samples. All appeared as awkward spheroids about the size of golf balls. Each had been sliced in half to reveal its cross section. â€Å"All meteorites,† Corky said, â€Å"consist of varying amounts of nickel-iron alloys, silicates, and sulfides. We classify them on the basis of their metal-to-silicate ratios.† Rachel already had the feeling Corky Marlinson's meteorite â€Å"primer† was going to be more than thirty seconds.

Colgate Hinterland Marketing in India Essays

Colgate Hinterland Marketing in India Essays Colgate Hinterland Marketing in India Essay Colgate Hinterland Marketing in India Essay Oral hygiene in the hinterlands Colgate Colgate. The world’s most recognizable oral care brand, it belongs to the Colgate-Palmolive Company. Colgate was the first toothpaste in a collapsible tube, introduced in 1896. It is a worldwide household name and synonymous with the product itself in various regions. Colgate-Palmolive has its presence in about 200 countries. Colgate in India Present in India since the 1930s, Colgate is almost synonymous with toothpaste in the Indian market. It is accepted well both in the rural and urban areas. It has been ranked as the 17th most trusted brand in India by The Brand Trust Report.Brand and Market Share Colgate is the market leader in oral care business in India, and by some distance. Colgate leads the sector with a whopping 53% market share. HUL, who sell under the brand name Pepsodent’, is a distant second with 22%. The other major player in the market is Dabur. Going to the hinterlands The rural market Having taken the urban market, the rural market was the next logical destination for Colgate. Yet, it was not just logical but a potentially rewarding one too. Over 70% of India lived in villages and oral dental care products were yet to reach there.If there ever was a latent market, this was it. As with every reward, the rural market posed its challenges too. * Many people in India still used traditional products like neem twig, salt, ash, tobacco and herbal products. * The red and black toothpowder still accounted for 35% of the tooth powder market. * The rural audience was heavily scattered. India’s diversity resided in its villages: Innumerable cultures, subcultures, languages, dialects, etc. * The awareness on oral health products was very low. * Most of rural India was media-dark. Traditional media did not reach many of India’s villages. StrategyColgate’s rural promotional and advertising program was launched under the name of Sampark’ meaning Communication’. Sampark had three main objectives: 1. Explore presence of media at different levels: It focused on identifying and making use of pre-existing media and promotional machinery that was prevalent in localized rural parts of India, viz. , Weekly bazaars, Haats, Jatras, Festivals, etc. 2. Assess characteristics of the rural market by collecting region-specific consumer profiles Analyze the different consumer profiles that existed in rural markets pertaining to age, social status, financial capability, beliefs and preferences.Example: a) Older Generation: Misri user (traditional ground tobacco) b) Middle Aged: Tooth powder user c) Younger generation: Toothpaste user 3. To design, communicate, motivate the audience to buy the product Sampark had limited budget at its disposal. Going in for mass media would not prove to be costly but the reach would be limited as, still only very few people owned possessed a TV or a radio. i) Door to door selling: Sampark wanted something that had far wide reach. Hence, Colgate chose door to door selling. ii) Right people for the right job: Sampark hired people locally who knew the local language, jargons idioms.This not only helped Colgate communicate easily with the consumer but was also effective in sending the right message across to the rural consumer. These people would move about in the villages telling people about the pros of using advanced oral care products the cons involved in using traditional oral care products. This was quite difficult as rural people felt that natural products were the best. iii) Training the Salesmen: Colgate trained salesmen to convince the rural population and make them try samples that Colgate was distributing free. v) AV vans: The next best option that Sampark choose after door to door selling was publicity vans, also called A/V vans. Seventy promotional vans did the rounds of the country educated rural folks on oral hygiene products such as toothpaste, toothpowder toothbrushes. These vans used to travel from village to village depending upon the day of the weekly market in that specific village. These vans also did a number of other activities at a time such as spot selling, sampling and retailing. The vans used to be parked in strategic locations. They were highly decorated so as to get more eyes turned in the process educate the rural folk.The roving Colgate vans, after screening a 22 minute film on oral hygiene that explained how to use the product, offered sampling at stalls setup near the van. 60% of the towns were covered by Colgate with their own distribution channels. The remaining 40 percent was covered by other distributors. v) Puppet shows: There were puppet shows done in the villages educating the villagers about the plus points of using modern oral hygiene products. vi) Educational films: Educational films were also shown in between movies in theatres. These were usually 10-40 seconds long.They feature either actors, local lenders or a farmer that was like one of them. Later on, after the movie ended free samples were distributed to the audience. These tactics were also used in Haats Melas throughout the length breadth of the country. vii) Teacher training programmes: It was an integral part of the School Dental Health Program, conducted regularly across the country to promote preventive dental health care. viii) Oral health educational programme: The Colgate Rural Initiative was targeted at rural areas of population between thirty and hundred thousand.The dental checkup camps were supervised by dentists. The organizers interacted with over 1 lakh people teaching them the benefits of oral hygiene. Conclusion: Post the saturation of its urban market, Colgate had to find new markets. Rural market was the logical next step. Finding that usual promotional and distributional channels shall not work in rural India, Colgate explored niche rural channels to raise awareness on both oral hygiene and the product. Colgate’s ultimate success bears testimony to their strategy which stands as a guiding lesson in approaching newer markets.

Frasier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Frasier - Essay Example Majority of the scenes takes place in a bar known as cheers located in Boston Massachusetts. A group of locals met in the bar where they got drunk and relaxed at the same time. The rest of the scenes take place on stage 25 in Paramount Studios besides various locations within Los Angeles. Period allocated for a particular show in television and strategic scheduling usually plays a significant role in attracting as well as retaining audience. Shows, aired for shorter periods, attract audience more compared to those having long durations. Frasier show lasted for 30 minutes and aired after the Seinfeld hit series, which had a very huge audience. The Frasier show rated as one of the most successful spin-off series in television history besides being the greatest comedy series of the time that received critical acclamation (Gates). According to many viewers, the show attracted a huge audience due to Cranes’ intra-family culture clash. This was symbolic of what occurred when the blue-collar Americans sent their children to Harvard. Most of the American Television series frequently featured socioeconomic systems but not the class system as presented by Frasier series. Gates, Anita. TELEVISION; Yes, America Has a Class System. See Frasier. New York Times. 19Th April 1998. Web. 9Th September 2013.

Information and template below Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information and template below - Assignment Example The basic reasons that necessitate the division of the market into tiny segments include easier marketing; this simply indicates the fact that it is easier to address the various needs of the smaller groups of consumers, specifically if they have several characteristics that are common (Henry 2011). Further, it helps in finding the niches that simply means that when the un-served or under-served markets are recognized. Segmentation will help Prince Sports be efficient which simply means efficient use of the marketing resources through focusing on some of the best segments for the offering such as promotion, product, place, and price (Kotler, 2009). Prince Sports engages in different activities to reach junior players. It appreciates that all the players have different level abilities and skills. Therefore it markets its products in three distinct segments that include recreational line, performance line, as well as junior line. Prince Sports solved the existing contradiction between sweet spot and racquet speed through the implementation of O technology; but it faced several complexities in converting the technology into racquet with the physical features that would satisfy the needs of the players. Moreover, Prince Sports has its channels of distribution in terms of mass merchants such as Walmart and Target, specialty tennis shops and sporting gods chains. Prince Sports uses different promotional activities currently. Prince Sports focuses on the advertising of its distribution channels and products, online marketing, as well as investing in the teaching programs so as to help consumers understand product information. Inddeed, Prince Sports is actively using social networking sites like facebook, twitter, among others to promote its products. Further, it sponsors over professional tennis players to assist in promoting the products. However, it should be aware of the challenges of technology as it incorporates it

Experimentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experimentation - Essay Example In the article titled "Effects of nickel and temperature on the ground beetle", authors Agnieszka J. Bednarska and Ryszard Laskowski set out to address the effects of nickel on the ground beetle. They start the article with a notion that is very common throughout the science world. The idea that all living things are exposed to outsides inhibitors which can greatly impact their ability to survive and to function. These inhibitors can include a lack of available nourishment, moisture, and also temperatures which can cripple even the most thriving outside environment. "Nickel (Ni) occurring element, but anthropogenic sources are responsible for its elevated concentrations in the environment. Since industrialization, large amounts of Ni have been released to the environment, especially from burning fossil fuels," Adding that, "Nickel is usually emitted from smelters as very fine dust particles which remain in the atmosphere for a long time and can be transported to long distances. In the vicinity of smelters, nickel concentrations in soil and plants may exceed its natural content 100 times (Eisler 1998; Kabata-Pendias 2000) or even more, since in smelter-contaminated soils concentrations as high as 22,000 mg kg -1 may occur (Everhart et. al 2006)," (Bednarska, 2008, p. 189). The authors show in this citation, as well as others that follow, which they themselves are no different when it comes to researching topics and providing the necessary credit to those who have formulated the works which they review. As the authors describe, the continued increase in the production of nickel had made the study of the environmental hazards of this metal even more important to be aware of. They go on to write that, "Toxic effects of Ni were studied in soil invertebrates such as earthworms (Scott-Fordsmand et al. 1998; Lock and Jansen 2002) and springtails (Scott-Fordsmand et al. 1999), where test organisms were exposed to increasing concentrations of the metal under constant ambient conditions in laboratory," Going on to write that, "However, in the field natural stressing factors are likely to modify responses of animals to chemical exposure through their influence on a variety of physiological processes. For example, high temperature, by increasing metabolic rates, can increase consumption and assimilation of toxicants contained in food and, thus, may lead to increased intoxication of exposed animals. On the other hand, the elevated metabolic rate at high temperatures may help to increase rates of detoxification and elimination of toxins from an organism," (Bednarska, 2008, p. 190). Therefore, they move on to discuss the experiment at hand. That is, the direct impact whatever it may be on the ground beetle when it is exposed to nickel. Or as the writers describe the insect in its Latin name, P. oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Bednarska & Laskowski describe the beetle as, "Carabid beetles are for many reasons particularly interesting for ecotoxicology: being important pest-control species they need special attention in

Historical Themes Schindlers List Essay Example for Free

Historical Themes Schindlers List Essay Light can still be found even in the darkest of times; Oskar Schindler shows this through his actions during the Holocaust. In the novel Oskar Schindler’s portrayed his motives and ways one man can help thousands of the struggling Polish Jews. What he did absolutely contradict what his country and leader wanted; they were planning to eradicate all Jews from the face of the Earth. By using his factory as a place for the helpless Jews to work, he avoided thousands from being sent to the concentration camps where they would work as slaves and eventually die. At first Schindler liked the idea of Polish workers but after he found out what Hitler’s true intentions were he quickly felt remorse for them and determined himself to save as many as humanly possible. He began employing more and more Jews, he saved thousands of lives but ruined his business in doing so. Schindler’s List by Thomas Keneally brilliantly portrayed the courage and human spirit in one man in the midst of terrible evil. Schindler proved the difference that one man can make by using his wit against the Nazis. Without the historical validity incorporated into the novel, the themes and overall story would not be up as great as it is already. Hitler’s Nazi regime ran a dictatorship with Adolf Hitler at the very head of the tyranny. Hitler’s master plan led to hopefully conquering the world and creates his version of society with perfect people and culture. Starting with the invasion of Poland he took Jews from their homes and forced them to do tedious work as slaves in concentration camps claiming that it was for their own protection. He tore families apart, and treated them with indignity in the camps by giving them very little food and forcing public nudity. Entire clans or families died at the order of the Nazis and no mercy could be seen from them as they killed the Jews in ways which would be seen as cruel and evil, even to humans. These events led to the deaths of six million Jewish citizens during World War II. Jews’ murders took place in many various ways; one way was in gas chambers disguised as showers. Corpses and left over residues burned in huge infernos that made it snow ashes of people. Human remains were also being used for the benefit of the Nazis; they used skin and lamp shades, hair as insulation, and skin also as a type of paper. Many Jewish families were desperate to not find themselves in the terrible camps that they did everything they could not to be captured and sent to their demise. Thomas Keneally describes the setting of Germany in the novel very accurately to the time period, and also the social status that some people had at the time. Germans lived being treated very normally by all soldiers of Hitler’s rule, but all others were treated as second class citizens or actually sub human. In the eyes of the Nazis Jews must be the lowest of the low to the, they were considered not as human but as some kind of sub species below all other humans. This aspect that was included in the novel is very true to history in Germany for 1943. Owning businesses or running one was against the law for any Jewish citizen. Many businesses burned down to the ground at the hand of the soldiers, ruining even wealthy land owners and workers. During World War II over six million Jews were killed by the Nazis and that is a fact included into the novel also. After the rest of European Jews heard about the genocide of Jews they and many others began hiding and helped hide people to avoid capture. People did everything to save themselves and others, some hid in the attics of Germans or in the barn of farmers. They started to become desperate to hide; Oskar Schindler used his very own factory where he produced pottery as a way to protect the Polish Jews. Oskar Schindler’s career led him to becoming a business man and entrepreneur in the pots and pans industry. His factory had become very successful because of the labor force provided by the Jews that were crowded into cities by the Nazis. In 1942 the Nazis really did begin to round up all the available Jews into ghettos or slums in the city to contain them like in the concentration camps. At the same time as Oskar Schindler a lady named Irena Sendler helped to save over two thousand Jewish children from the ghettos that the Nazis set up for them. . She and many others helped humanity by using their intellect, courage, and resources. If an event like this happened in any other time period it just would not be the same. Thomas Keneally’s Schindler’s List showed how one person can make a giant difference for many people. His novel’s historical aspects were accurate in most ways, it helped to enforce the themes in the story of the human spirit and one man can make a change. Throughout history it has been proven that if one person does one change it can help thousands of peoples’ lives forever. Adolf Hitler and his attempt to eradicate the Jewish population is the darkest time in history of humanity. But still, light can be found in the midst of total darkness and evil.

Value Action Gap Outcomes Management Essay

Value Action Gap Outcomes Management Essay The value-action gap is a term used to describe the gap that can occur when the values or attitudes of an individual do not correlate to their actions. More generally, it is the difference between what people say and what people do. This discrepancy is most associated within environmental geography, as usually attitudes affect behavior; however the opposite often seems to be the case with regard to environmental attitudes and behaviors. The outcome is that there is a gap between the high value people place on the natural environment and the relatively low level of action taken by individuals to counter environmental problems.( The outcome is that there is a disparity between the value placed on the natural environment and the level of action taken by individuals to counter environmental problems. )This disparity has been termed the value-action gap, or occasionally, it is referred to as the attitude-behavior gap (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002). Therefore, it is not a change in attitudes that is required, but a fundamental shift in behavior towards the environment and individuals use of natural resources, to ensure sustainable development and conservation of the environment. Debates surrounding the issue of the value-action gap have mainly taken place within environmental and social psychology. Research is often based within cognitive theories of how attitudes are formed and how this affects individuals behavior (Blake 1999). The research suggests that there are many internal and external factors that affect behavior and the reasons behind consumer choices. Therefore, it can be difficult to identify the exact reasons for why this gap exists, as it can be due to a number of reasons. When purchasing a product for example, many attributes are assessed when making decisions. Dickson (2000) suggests that the most significant factors affecting the reasons behind buying behavior are; price, quality, convenience, and brand familiarity. Young et al (2010) argue point out that the gap can also be due to brand strength; culture, finance; habit; lack of information; lifestyles; personalities; or, trading off between different ethical factors (p22). Therefore, environmental or ethical considerations are often not taken into account, regardless of attitudes people have regarding the environment. Time or convenience is usually a major determinant of consumer behaviour, and therefore a gap between values and behavior is understandable. Moreover, Chatzidakis et al (2007) argue that consumers use neutralisation techniques to justify pursuing their more selfish goals instead of purchasing environmental friendly or ethical products. Therefore, environmental values are usually less dominant in the decision-making. Development of the idea: Summary: The usual theories of reasoned action argue that values and actions are related. The theory of reasoned action states that behavioral intention is dependent on attitudes surrounding that behavior and social norms (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975). This means that a person acts or behaves in a way that correlates to their attitudes towards that behavior. Therefore, a persons voluntary behavior can be predicted by his/her attitudes and values on that behavior (Kaiser et al 1999). Homer and Kahle (1988) argue that attitudes influence behaviors and therefore values can explain the reasons behind human behavior. However, the opposite appears to be the case for certain actions, especially those related to environmental or ethical actions. In recent decades, public support for environmental protection measures has grown and, according to Barr (2004), there has also been a growing interest in ethical consumption. This has been fuelled by pressure groups, consumer groups, and even businesses (Young et al 2010).  Furthermore, increased media coverage of environmental disasters and social problems has also resulted in a heightened concern of such issues. This was given a political boost by the publication of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (Stern 2006). Therefore, people are more aware of environmental issues, such as global warming or climate change. It is often reported that many people have a high concern for environmental issues and ethical consumption, for example, Dunlap (2002) states that 54% of Americans agreed environmental protection was a key priority, even if economic growth was restricted. Furthermore, Banerjee and Solomon (2003) also argue that the general support for Ecolabels and ethic al foods is high among the public. With these studies in mine, it is expected that there would be an increase in pro-environmental behavior, such as recycling, or limiting energy usage (Flynn et al 2010). However, these positive attitudes have not translated into a large increase these behviours and ethical consumption is still relatively low (Aguiar et al 2009). Thus, attitudes are not always a clear prediction of behavior, resulting in the value-action gap. For example, the the market share for ethical goods is low as according to Young et al (2010) the market share of ethical foods is only 5% of total food sales in the UK. Furthermore, as Dickson (2000) points out, ethical labelling initiatives such as legally logged wood, and fair-trade products, often have market shares of less than 1%. Thus, consumers buying behaviour does not reflect their positive attitudes toward ethical products (De Pelsmacker et al 2006). This means that other factors are more significant that values relating to the environment. Factors that affect behavior: There are many factors that lead to an individuals behavior, and therefore it is not just personal values that affect behavior. There are many different theories regarding how consumers make decisions. These can be applied to try and explain why there is a value-action gap for some behaviors. For example, microeconomic theory (consumer, household theory) states that, humans make decisions that maximize their utility (Sammer and Wà ¼stenhagen 2006:188). Therefore, if buying ethical or environmental products does not maximize their utility then they will not purchase them, regardless of their attitudes towards these issues. Making these decisions requires a comparison of the costs and benefits of alternative actions, rather than about certain values, within their budgetary constraint. This means other factors, such as price or quality, are still more important. Vermeir and Verbeke (2006) suggest that the three main determinants of behavioral intention with relevance to sustainable consumption are; values, needs, and motivations; information and knowledge; and behavioral control. They argue that consumers are passive when it comes to supporting environmental improvements within their budget. Behavior is often based on habit and therefore values concerning the environment are often not taken into consideration. Therefore, this can account for the low market share of sustainable products (Minteer et al 2004). These theories can explain the gap that appears between attitudes and actions. Application (Further explanation and examples): Even though many support ethical trade in principle, this is often not taken into consideration as a purchase criterion. Cohen and Murphy (2001) argue that for around 40% of consumers the environmental friendliness of a product will never be a factor in purchasing decisions regardless of positive attitudes towards ethical consumption. There are many studies which support the existence of a value-action gap. Mostly these can be found within the field of environmental geography. Lane and Potter (2007) found a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior regarding the adoption of cleaner vehicles. They reported that concern for the environmental impact of cars did not result in behavioral changes at the individual level. Thus, what consumers reported as their intended actions or concerns often did not translate into their actual behavior. Furthermore, Vermeir and Verbeke (2006) also found that positive consumer attitudes towards sustainability were not consistent with their behavioral patterns. They found that attitudes were positive whereas intentions to buy sustainable dairy products were low. They also found that peoples perceptions of the availability of sustainable dairy products was low, which might explain why attitudes were positive yet intentions to buy were low. Additionally, evidence of this gap has been found with organic food as illustrated by Hughner et al (2007) who show that despite 46-67% of the population expressing favorable attitudes for organic food, the actual purchase behavior is only 4-10% of different product ranges. Three/four main issues/debates described below: Information gap: One explanation for the discrepancy between attitudes buying behaviour is the perceived lack of availability of certain products and lack of information (Dickson 2000). Therefore, because there was a lack of information about environmentally friendly behavior this caused the gap between values and attitudes. Traditional thinking supported the idea that increased knowledge tended to encourage favorable attitudes which, in turn, lead to pro-environmental action. Burgess et al (1998) called this the information deficit model. Therefore, increasing knowledge and awareness surrounding environmental and ethical issues should result in behavioral changes. Burgess et al (1998) argue that filling the values-action gap with information would lead result in a change in public behaviors towards the environment. Furthermore, Owens (2000: 1142) argues that if people had more information about environmental risks, they would become more virtuous. Some are that to increase environmental action there needs to be educational marketing campaigns on the ethical and environmental issues Thus, the main motivations for actions are self-interest rather than altruistic. Therefore, to increase environmental action products must aim to change perceptions by using. McEachern and McClean (2002). However, so far no one has been able to confirm the validity of such a model (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002). As a result, the decision-making process could be considered as almost unpredictable: positive attitudes were not necessarily followed by positive intentions. Therefore, attitudes alone are a poor predictor of intentional behavior. As such, there seemed to be many more factors that influenced pro-environmental behavior. Barr and Gilg (2002) argue that just increasing information will not lead to behavior change that would close this gap. Due to the increased media attention surrounding environmental issues, and products such as Fairtrade having a high profile, it could be argued that there is already a lot of information on these issues, and many are aware of the issues. It is genuinely considered that many have a high regard for environmental issues. Sammer and Wà ¼stenhagen (2006) point out that while people may be aware of ethical and environmental issues and products that attempts to solve these issues, this does not necessarily mean that it plays a major role in their buying decision. . 99% of respondents in both surveys reported that they had heard the terms global warming and climate change, and most respondents said they knew a fair amount about these terms (Thornton, 2009) Yet, because the market share of these products and level of environmental action is quite low, there is exits a gap between attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, the key issue is why our attitudes often fail to materialize into concrete actions (Barr 2004). Blake (1999) many national policies are based on this idea of an information deficit model of participation. For example, Going for Green (GFG). It is considered the most effective means to overcome the value-action gap is by translating environmental concern into pro-environmental behavior. This can be done through increasing information. The core assumption is that the main barrier between environmental concern and action is the lack of appropriate information. The GFG argue that the most effective way to encourage people to act is to give locally relevant information and highlight a few facts. Environmental concern and basic environmental action (such as recycling), are now becoming widespread throughout the population. However, few people take environmental actions which involve changes to their lifestyle. This may mean that environmental actions people take may be unrelated to the particular concerns that they express about the environment. This environmental value-action gap is clearly of key importance to environmental policy, not least because it is repeated at other scales, involving different actors: thus local or national government, business and even international organizations have policies whose effects fail to match up to the environmental concerns people are expressing. the attitude-behavior relationship is moderated by two primary sets of variables: the structure of personal attitudes themselves; and external or situational constraints. . Attitudes are likely to be better predictors of behavior if the attitudes in question are strong relative to other (possibly conflicting) attitudes, and based on direct experience. Situational constraints mainly refer to whether the behavior is in line with the individuals favored social norms, which in turn are influenced by different social, economic, demographic and political contexts. . Research has shown that people do not have a fixed, rational and ready-made set of values that will be activated by parti cular calls to action; rather peoples values are negotiated, transitory and sometimes contradictory. these findings suggest that the value-action gap cannot be overcome simply by using an information deficit model of individual participation, as empowerment of individuals to act does not of itself guarantee action without an appropriate institutional location within which action is located, policy turns from raising environmental awareness to promoting pro-environmental behavior, possibly involving lifestyle change, Blake 1999 As Eden (1996) has argued: policy still fails to appreciate the huge gulf between information and action, between understanding as awareness and understanding as the cause of behavior. Policy-makers seem to assume that environmental education, drawing from scientific work, will lead to people making the link between policy and action and acting in order to meet policy objectives, (p. 197) Barriers to behavior: Ajzen Fishbein have developed an additional theory of reasoned action and planned behavior. they argue that individual attitudes must include an intention to carry out a specific action that reflects a reasoned evaluation of the likely consequences of that action. Ajzen, I. Fishbein, M. (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall). other researchers have pointed out that these intentions are related to more general values, worldviews and beliefs (e.g. Stern et al, This theoretical approach has also been the dominant influence on public and policy research into public attitudes, Different people will interpret and respond to the same environmental information in unpredictable and often highly variable ways, at times producing a quite opposite interpretation to the one expected by those (often in the policy community) who promulgate the information (Myers Macnaghten, 1998). Thus individuals must accept responsibility for the future, but conditions, institutions and their own day-to-day responsibilities constrain their actions (Myers Macnaghten, 1998, p. 346). Myers, G. Macnaghten, P. (1998) Rhetorics of environmental sustainability: commonplaces and places, Environment and Planning A, 30(2), pp. 333-353. The causes of this gap between attitude and behavior can be explained in terms of personal, social and structural barriers to action. Different barriers often overlap or work in conjunction to limit behavioral change. However, these barriers can be tackled, It is considered that there are numerous barriers of motivations for individual action. microeconomic theory (consumer, household theory), which says that humans make decisions that maximize their utility (Sammer and Wà ¼stenhagen 2006:188). Furthermore, many people act impulsively and in ways that do not correspond to their declared evaluations and goals (Boulstridge and Carrigan, (2000). Attitudes often derive from social norms. For example, Schwartz (1977, cited in Jackson, 2005) has suggested in his Norm Activation Theory that the intention to perform a proenvironmental or pro-social behaviour is based on the acceptance of personal responsibility for ones actions and an awareness of their consequences. (p166) Blake (1999)- three different categories of obstacles that exist between the sphere of concern and that of action: individuality; responsibility and practicality. that both psychological and institutional factors affect individual action. Which factors are important in any one case will vary for different individuals, environmental actions, and social or institutional constraints. individual barriers refers to what social psychologists would call personal attitudes or cognitive structure. Environmental concerns are outweighed by other conflicting attitudes. wrong type of person to do certain types of environmental actions, such as campaigning. peoples perceptions of institutions and responsibility. At present, despite general environmental concern, that evaluation is often negative. Even if individual factors would support environmental action, people may still not act because they do not feel that they (as individuals) should take the responsibility for helping to solve environmenta l problems. practical social or institutional constraints that may prevent people from adopting pro-environmental action, regardless of their attitudes or intentions. These include lack of time, lack of money and lack of physical storage space (in the case of recycling), as well as lack of information, encouragement and pro-environmental facilities such as recycling and adequate public transport provision. Some people may also be physically unable to carry out some environmental actions. Clearly, there will be overlaps between the three sets of obstacles, and the reasons why people do not engage in pro-environmental action will not always fall into such neat categories. classification shows is that at a particular moment, and in a particular place, distinctions can be made between different types of barriers that may prevent individual environmental action, and that policy will need to respond in differentiated ways. policies need to also tackle other individual, social and institut ional barriers. Not just provide more information or recycling facilities. organizations that are trusted more by the public, such as environmental NGOs, are likely to be most successful. The factors involved in making people willing to reduce environmental damage are fundamentally different from the factors involved in making people take active steps to reduce damage and to improve the environment. The gap dilemma: Market-based mechanisms. Solutions: Criticism: 4 See also Attitudes, behavior, cognitive psychology, social psychology, theory of planned behavior