Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery Review

Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery Review Utilizing the functionalized carbon nanotubes and different nanomaterials to convey the antimicrobial medications, is perhaps the most utilization of carbon nanotubes. A few examinations were directed about this subject. Amphotericin B (AMB) is one of the main antimicrobials to be conveyed with CNTs. Wei Wu et al. contemplated the Targeted Delivery of Amphotericin B to Cells by utilizing Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes, they utilized oxidized MWCNTs that were functionalized with AMB and FITC. They found that at proportionate AMB centralization of 10  µg/mL, this CNT conjugate was seen as essentially less cytotoxic to Human Jurkat lymphoma T cells when contrasted with flawless AMB. This CNT-AMB develop had the option to infiltrate cells quickly inside 1 h of hatching by unconstrained puncturing component without causing cell demise. At last, They assessed the antifungal action of CNTs,functionalized with AmB, against three types of fungi(Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans). In this examination, they utilized AmB that was covalently connected to ammonium functionalized multi-and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-AmB and SWNT-AmB). The functionlized structures was seen as more strong than free AMB perhaps because of upgraded tranquilize dissolvability and the nearness of numerous duplicates of AMB per CNT atom (for example the multivalence impact) prompting improved restricting proclivity between the medication and its target.177 In another different paper by a similar gathering, a comparative MWCNTs AMB develop and a recently structured SWCNTs-AMB conjugate with PEG linker were set up with AMB stacking of 25% and 10% w/w, separately. These conjugates were tried for their antifungal exercises in contrast with perfect AMB and a traditional colloidal scattering AMB deoxycholate definition. Both MWCNTs-AMB develop and SWCNTs-AMB conjugate were extensively more than AMB alone. Some fugal strains which were impervious to free AMB demonstrated a critical reaction to the MWCNT-based AMB conjugate.178 In another investigation performed by Pruthi et al., AMB was truly adsorbed on mannosylated MWCNTs inorder to treat leishmaniasis by accomplishing explicit conveyance of the medication to macrophages. the mannosylated MWCNTs had high fondness to tie lectins and had the option to be taken-up by macrophages in adequate sum. be that as it may, the consequence of this examination is tragically inadequate to help macrophage-focusing on the grounds that a control try different things with non-mannosylated MWCNTs was not performed. Despite the fact that AMB was adsorbed onto the mannosylated MWCNTs and exhibited a continued in vitro discharge profile, the utilization of Rh B-stacked mannosylated MWCNTs for intracellular fluorescence imaging of macrophages is uncertain in light of the fact that Rh B could be withdrawn from the MWCNTs before it enters macrophages, which implies that the watched fluorescence is because of free Rh B not the MWCNTs-stacked with Rh B.179 Aside from AMB, dapsone is another case of antimicrobial that has beenâ successfully conveyed with CNTs. It is an antimicrobial and calming drug that can be utilized to treat numerous infections, for example, jungle fever, uncleanliness, AIDS-related toxoplasmosis and other diseases.180 Some bacterial species created protection from dapsone so tests was begun to convey dapsone with CNTs and luckily it was conveyed effectively. Dap-MWCNTs was shaped by functionalizing dapsone onto oxidized MWCNTs. Dap-MWCNTs were first tried on rodent peritoneal macrophages it was quickly ingested with dominating endosomal confinement without critical cytotoxicity. Dap-MWCNTs indicated numerous points of interest as it incited less apoptosis than oxidized MWCNTs and had a lower level of oxidative pressure. Then again, apoptosis of macrophages is significant for freedom of intracellular pathogen, so the postponed apoptosis seen by Dap-MWCNTs might be illogical in the treatment of infection.181 In anoter study, Pazufloxacin mesylate, an anti-toxin having a place with the class of fluoroquinolones, was adsorbed onto MWCNTs functionalized with ethylenediamine. In vitro discharge recommended that the adsorption of pazufloxacin comprises of two stages, the first is a quick blasted discharge followed by a second period of continued discharge. The aggregate sum of discharged pazufloxacin from the amino-functionalized CNTs was higher at pH 5.7 than pH 7.0, because of increment hydrophilicity in acidic condition. This could be invaluable in the treatment of contaminations, because of the acidic condition of the tainted cells.182 In another hand, gentamicin, an aminoglycoside anti-toxin, was consolidated into collagen hydrogel doped with 1% w/w CNTs which filled in as an added substance to improve the physical solidness of the hydrogel and retard the arrival of gentamicin. The hindered discharge impact had a spot in the development of unpredictable CNT arrange in the hydrogel which blocked dissolvable dispersion. In any case, The nearness of CNTs can actuate a basic compound fascination among CNTs and gentamicin, and henceforth improve the medication stacking which could influence the medication discharge rate.183 What's more, chloroquine is an enemy of malarial medication that likewise has lysomotropic impact. Because of their capacity to cause expanding and break of endocytic vesicles, lyosomotropic mixes have been proposed to be utilized as an added substance to upgrade quality transfection by empowering opportune getaway and limiting debasement of conveyed hereditary material in lysosomes. For additional upgrade of quality conveyance with CNTs, chloroquine was stacked onto DWCNTs covered with cationic polymer PEI and plasmid encoding for luciferase. Chloroquine can be discharged from the CNTs in acidic condition.Coating chloroquine with cationic polymer and plasmid can unequivocally influence chloroquine stacking. Transfection effectiveness can be improved up to five creases by acquaintance of chloroquine contrasted and a non-chloroquine stacked control. Sadly this develop has constrained uses as a biocompatible transfecting operator since it was found to have more cytotoxic impacts to cel ls than the non-chloroquine stacked control and free chloroquine. Later on, this develop may end up being powerful as a treatment of intracellular intestinal sickness contamination and the astounding intracellular conveyance of chloroquine can clarify the higher watched cytotoxicity.184 In another examination, Annamalai Senthil Kumar et al. utilized an electrochemical course for exceptionally particular immobilization of amoxicillin (AMX) on multiwalled carbon nanotube changed smooth carbon terminals (GCE/[emailprotected]), with no linkers and surface functionalization. So as to uncover the immobilization of AMX both on the inward and external (surface) dividers of the carbon nanotubes. They usedX-beam diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and examining electron microscopy. At long last, they tried its antibacterial movement against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in examination with the unmodified AMX and MWNT utilizing circle dispersion strategy. They found that [emailprotected] has improved antibacterial movement against the three bacterial pathogens185 Liangliang Ji et al. examined the adsorption of two sulfonamide to MWCNTs. Nonporous, unadulterated graphite was utilized as a near adsorbent The outcomes uncovered thatthe two sulfonamides have a solid adsorption to both MWNT and graphite which can be clarified by( Ï€-Ï€ electron coupling)186 In another examination, Xin Zhang et al, contemplated the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on various carbon nanotube typesand contrasted the outcomes with the adsorption with regular sorbents including soils, silt and mucks. Numerous properties of carbon nanotubes added to the adsorption procedure, for example, surface region, distances across and surface utilitarian gatherings. They demonstrated that the adsorption coefficients of SMX on CNTs were by and large twicehigher in size than other normal sorbents..187 Also, Liangliang Ji et al. considered the impact of fluid arrangement compound qualities on the antibiotic medication adsorption onSWNT and MWNTsuch as the impact of ionic quality (NaCl and CaCl2), the outcomes demonstrated that there is a reverse connection between the ionic quality and the antibiotic medication adsorption on both SWNT and MWNT. They additionally considered the impact of Cu2†+ion (7.5 mg/L) that showeda higher antibiotic medication adsorption rate to both SWNT and MWNT because of cation crossing over component. They at long last considered the impact of broke down soil coal humic acids (50 mg/L) , and the outcomes uncovered that these acids minimally affect SWNT while on graphite and MWNT it has a concealment impact on antibiotic medication adsorption.188 As per ciprofloxacin, S.A.C. Carabineiro et al. contemplated the adsorption limit of ciprofloxacin on three sorts of carbon based materials: enacted carbon, carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon xerogel that were functionalized through oxidation with nitric corrosive then they were heat rewarded at various temperatures (somewhere in the range of 350 and 900  °C) under a progression of N2. They showed that the adsorption limit influenced contrarily when the examples were treated with nitric corrosive. While warm medicines, particularly at 900 °C after oxidation, improve adsorption performance.189 In another investigation, S. Ashok Kumar and Sea-Fue Wang examined the settling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by watery arrangement of ciprofloxacin. It was discovered that MWCNTs can be settled by ciprofloxacinand the scatterings were steady for more than a month.190 Recently, Haibo Li et al. contemplated the impact of PH and temperature on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin on various fu nctionalized CNTs like: carboxylized (MC), hydroxylized (MH), single-walled CNTs (SW)and graphitized multi-walled CNTs (MG).They discovered thatSW had the most noteworthy retention rate for ciprofloxacin among all CNTs because of its biggest surface territory and they found this is valid for all PHs .Also, ciprofloxacinsorption was thermodynamically great For SW, while the converse procedure was watched for MC and MG. For MH, ciprofloxacin sorption

Insider threat and Physical vulnerability Research Paper

Insider danger and Physical weakness - Research Paper Example Physical security of the database The developing mechanical headways are representing a danger to the new prerequisites of the iTrust database. Distributed storage, a technique for information stockpiling that permits clients to share data online is one of the premise on which the iTrust database is inclined to assailants. Distributed computing can be abused to assault the database through unscrupulous exercises. Distributed computing at the database, much the same as in different frameworks, manage security and have a somewhat simple enlistment framework. Despite the fact that the simple enrollment framework gets equipped to make the product easy to understand, lawbreakers for the most part utilize trend setting innovations to get to the product. This represents the most noteworthy danger to organizations and shoppers that utilization the framework (Shaw et al, 2013). There have been instances of utilization of Botnets to assault an open cloud system and spread infections. The Zeus Botnet has on a few events assaulted the Amazon cloud. The Zeus Botnet assaulted Amazon’s EC2 distributed computing administration figuring out how to introduce an infection. The Botnet further assumed responsibility for a cloud stage. The malware stayed covered up for quite a while moving a great many dollars (Shaw et al, 2013).Two ways have been proposed to manage such malware. The security danger presented by the malware can be tended to through executing cloud investigation. The danger can likewise be tended to through utilizing more work force to screen the database. Another danger that accompanies distributed computing is the trouble with which customers get the opportunity to comprehend the security suggestions related with utilization of programming like itrust database. Though most purchasers would lean toward a generally simple arrangement of use programming interfaces, this appears to hinder endeavors to protect the database from any dangers. Guaranteeing that the database gets satisfactorily shielded may call for complex application programming interfaces. Such interfaces can distinguish any unpermitted interruption into the framework and quickly counter-assault the endeavor (Shaw et al, 2013) The issue of record administration and traffic capturing stays an authentic danger to the majority of the iTrust clients. Traffic capturing has a wide range. It might include spamming or utilization of taken client qualifications. Considering the affectability of the information put away in the iTrust database, programmers can from multiple points of view put to chance the lives of the clients. This should be possible by simply increasing a straightforward passage. In a circumstance where the assault happens on the pressing consideration, the aggressor can figure out how to catch up on exchanges, alter information put away on the database just as take users’ individual data .To control this, preventive estimates must be taken. Such preventive me asures may incorporate affecting secret word strategies, utilization of following programming and giving web use instruction to all workers (Researchomatic, 2012). The insider danger Insider danger can be characterized as any danger that originates from individuals inside the association and who have the organization’s inside data with respect to how the association stores its data. The insider danger looked at the iTrust database is very testing. An absence of division of obligations appears to represent the best insider danger right now. Partition of obligations guarantees that an insider with an excessive amount of intensity or authority can't assault the database utilizing the force or authority that they have (SafeNet, 2013). Case of an episode of an insider danger is the point at which a head of division

The Link Between OCD and Suicide

The Link Between OCD and Suicide OCD Living With OCD Print The Link Between OCD and Suicide By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 24, 2020 Photographer is my life. / Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 immediately. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental illness that can be associated with significant disability and suffering. Indeed, people with OCD often report serious difficulties in relationships and problems at work. For some people, living with OCD can become overwhelming and can cause them to lose hope and to contemplate or even attempt suicide. If you have a family member or friend with OCD  thats exhibiting the potential warning signs of suicide, its important to know what to do. OCD and Suicide Although it has long been known that the risk of suicide is higher for people who are affected by mood disorders and schizophrenia, the relationship between anxiety disorders, such as OCD, and suicide has been less clear. However, recent studies suggest that people with OCD are 10 times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. Actively thinking about suicide (sometimes called suicidal ideation) also appears to be relatively common among people affected by OCD. Factors that predict whether someone with OCD will attempt suicide include the severity of their OCD symptoms, the co-occurrence of depression, feelings of hopelessness, the presence of a personality disorder such as obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and a prior history of self-harm, such as cutting. The risk of suicide also goes up if the person with OCD is actively using drugs or alcohol, is unemployed, or is socially isolated. If your loved one is having suicidal thoughts, urge them to contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Potential Suicide Warning Signs Its not always easy to know if someone is going to attempt suicide, but there are a number of potential warning signs that can signal that someone is thinking about harming themselves, including: Increased hopelessness: Your loved one may talk openly and at length about feeling hopeless, helpless, or that she cant take it anymore.Speaking of death or suicide: Out-of-character remarks about death, speaking openly about suicide, or an expressed desire to die by suicide should always be taken seriously. In some cases, this may be your loved ones way of asking for help.Increased depression: Your loved one may exhibit symptoms of depression, such as withdrawing from others, crying all the time, loss of interest in hobbies or activities, disrupted sleep, and lack of appetite.Preparing for death: People actively contemplating suicide will sometimes take out an insurance policy, adjust and/or create a will, or advise someone close to them of their final wishes.Changes in behavior: A normally cautious individual may engage in reckless or impulsive behavior and express little fear of the consequences of such behavior. Conversely, someone who is depressed may suddenly act cheerful for n o apparent reason.Giving away possessions: Its not uncommon for individuals who are actively contemplating suicide to give away prized possessions to trusted friends or family members. What You Can Do If you have a loved one with OCD whos exhibiting the potential warning signs of suicide, heres what you can do to help: Keep communicating: Talk openly and frankly about what your loved one is feelingâ€"talking about suicide doesnt make it more likely that she will harm herself. Dont be afraid to express your own feelings as well. If youre scared and worried about your loved one, then it can be helpful to say so.Ask questions:  Although it can be uncomfortable, frankly asking questions about whether your loved one is thinking of killing or harming himself, as well as other details such as how and when hes considering doing it, whether he has access to a weapon or large amounts of medications, and other relevant concerns, may help ensure that suicide does not become an untouchable subject.Empathize, dont minimize: As you might imagine, admitting suicidal thoughts or a suicide plan is often an extremely difficult, embarrassing, and painful experience. Simply telling your loved one to stop thinking about it, think good thoughts, or even to get over it, may make her feel even more rejected, insecure, and/ or depressed. Make sure you let your loved one know that you understand how difficult this experience must be for her.Get help: Suicide is a very serious problem that often requires hospitalization and the assistance of qualified professionals. In cases where you feel your loved one is an immediate danger to herself, accompany her to the local hospital emergency department or wait with her until help (e.g., police or ambulance) arrives. In less urgent cases, help him locate and/or access resources such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, a support group, or a mental health professional he trusts. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Risk Management of Technology and Maintenance Failures in...

Risk Management of Technology and Maintenance Failures in the Context of Aviation Industry Individual Assignment Managing Processes, Systems, and Projects Elective Pathway: Managing the Project-based Environment Balazs B. Varga EFT11 Date: 06/02/2012 Student id: 19700989 Word Count: 1705 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Incident root cause failure analysis 3 A. Aircraft aging and the limitations of fail-safe design 3 B. Safety by design and the failure of damage tolerance 3 C. Human errors and organizational failures 4 Recommendations 4 Reflections 5 Works Cited 7 Appendix 8 Introduction On April 28, 1988, Aloha Airlines flight 243 underwent an explosive decompression in its passenger cabin at feet 24,000. Although the†¦show more content†¦Although Aloha followed the manufacturers advised general Maintenance Planning Programme, its management did not implement the specific SBs. Consequently, during the standard inspection activities sporadic cracks and first signs of panel bond disintegration were not identified within the safe crack growth period. It has been debated whether the standard maintenance programme (including four level of Checks, A-B-C-D, at different level of inspection detail and frequency) could have revealed the specific failures in question. The answer is negative: Aloha`s on-ground-examinations were made mainly during night, with limited visual inspection conditions and alertness to identify sporadic rivet cracks. (National Transportation Safety Board, 1989) In sum, the aircraft damage tolerance had become seriously limited which resulted in the catastrophic wear-out failure. C. Human errors and organizational failures As highlighted before, the investigation identified several types of human failures, including inspection errors and violations of operational procedures. According to Hobbs, maintenance management is critical to ensure aviation safety, and improper maintenance contributes as primary cause to a significant (7-14 %) proportion of aviation accidents and incidents. (Hobbs, 2008) However, individual failures in maintenance activities are usually not the root-causes of failures but affected by the workShow MoreRelatedSafety Management Systems In The Aviation Industry11572 Words   |  47 PagesTopic Learning Guide Aviation Safety Systems TOPIC 2 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Safety Management Systems in the Aviation Industry Introduction This topic area covers the second and third sessions. 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Alexander IIi Of King Of Ancient Greece - 1147 Words

Alexander III of Macedon or commonly known as Alexander the Great was a King of Ancient Greek kingdom Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He spent most of his ruling years on an extraordinary military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa and by the time he was 30 he had created one of the largest empires of the Ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into northwest India. Alexander is thought to be by most people as the greatest military command that ever lived however this wasn’t always the case. Many historians argue that Alexander was in fact the opposite to what he perceived to be. This essay will essentially focus on the good and bad side of Alexander’s campaigns and through the study of various sources we will be able to determined the real truth behind his leadership. The Persians and the Greeks had been at conflict for hundreds of years before the time of Alexander. Ancient accounts say that Alexander was at war with both Persia and their King Darius III and used the Persian Invasion of Greece in 5th century BC as an excuse for his actions. Many of Alexanders greatest battles were fought against the Persians and is where the ambitious young king began to conquer the known world. The first major battle that he won was the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC where he defeated a said â€Å"20,000 Persian horsemen and an equal number of foot soldiers† by Arrian. This was soon followed by another victory at the Battle of Isus in 333 BC led by their KingShow MoreRelatedWhy Did the Achaemenid Empire Fall? Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pagesthe largest empire in Ancient history which stretched out approximately 8 million km ² at the height of its power. So how does an Empire so large and with such great power collapse? Was it struggle for power, which every new king had to suffer after the death of Darius the Great? Or was it because of corruption of the ministers and Satraps that made the empire decline. Maybe it could have been the invading Greek forces lead by Phillip the II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great or are all theseRead MoreWhat was so Great About Alexander the Great?810 Words   |  3 Pages Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III of Macedon, was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in 356 BC and was handed down his reign when his father, Phillip II was murdered in 336 BC by his bodyguard. His father was out most of the time trying to extend his kingdom therefore Alexander was left with his mother, Olympias, who was very emotionally close to her son and had a tendency to spoil him. Alexander was handed down a trained, strong and powerful army with excellent generalsRead MoreAnalysis Of Alexander IIi The Great King Of Macedonia And Conqueror Of The Persian Empire1584 Words   |  7 Pa geswon t taste good.† ~Joe Paterno. 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Cognitive Competence Free Essays

string(95) " use new methods even though he is clever enough to think of many other new potential methods\." Tomorrow’s Leader Term paper Topic: Cognitive Competence Wai (Synergy) Content Part 1 1. Definition cognitive competenceP. 3-4 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Competence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Theory of cognitive competenceP. 5-8 3. Factors affecting cognitive competenceP. 9-10 4. Importance of cognitive competence in leadershipP. 11-12 5. Ways to enhance the level of cognitive competenceP. 13-14 Part 2 Self evaluationP. 15-17 Part 3 ReferenceP. 18-19 Part 1 Definition of cognitive competence 1. Cognitive competence is defined as the ability to perform adequately those cognitively complex tasks considered essential for living on one’s own in this society. Willis SL. (1996). Everyday cognitive competence in elderly persons: conceptual issues and empirical findings, Oct;36(5):595-601) 2. The ability to develop and apply the cognitive skills of self-talk, the reading and interpretation of social cues, using steps for problem-solving and decision making, understanding the perspective of others, understanding behavioral norms, a positive attitude towards life, and self –awareness. (The W. T. Grant Consortium on the School-Based Promotion of Social Competence (199 2: 136)) 3. Academic and intellectual achievement. include the ability to use logic, analytic thinking, and abstract reasoning) (Catalano, R. F. , Berglund, M. L. , Ryan, J. A. M. , Lonczak, H. S. , ; Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention and Treatment, 5 (15), 1-106. ) This three definitions are little bit different. The third one is too narrow as it just mentioned academic and intellectual achievement. The second one, on the other hand, is not specific enough. In my understanding, I think cognitive competence is best defined using the first two definitions. Cognitive competence is defined as the ability to perform adequately those cognitively complex tasks considered essential for living on one’s own in this society. It also includes understanding the perspective of others, understanding behavioral norms, and self –awareness. † Theory Hui Sunâ €™s model (2007) This model divides cognitive competence into three types of thinking: 1. Creative thinking, a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh perspective that suggests unorthodox solutions (which may look unsettling at first). 2. Critical thinking, which includes reasoning, making references, self-reflection, and coordination of multiple views. Critical thinking has been described as â€Å"the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment, which uses reasoned consideration to evidence, context, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria. † (Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking: What It is and Why It Counts, Insightassessment. com) 3. Rational thinking refers to logical or reasoning being involved in the thought process. It refers to providing reasons or rational behind thoughts or ideas. It adds an element of calculation and planning to a steam of thoughts rather than basing them on emotion or personal opinion. It is a kind of objective process of thinking and an analytic approach to any problem. Rational thinking is based on reasons or facts and is hence much more calculating and realistic. Geiwitz’s model This model divides cognitive competence into three steps of thinking: 1. Know what, to know what is the problem 2. Know how, to know how the problem can be solved 3. Know why, to know why choose particular method to solve the problem, or to evaluate the method currently used. What How Why In Hui and Sun’s model, creative thinking is the innovative way of thinking. It allows people to invent new things or idea. Critical thinking is used when commenting on something, e. g. in writing editorials. As for rational thinking, it is used when analyzing. In my opinion, the second model is easier to understand. And it shows progressive levels of cognitive competence, whereas the first model only divides our thinking into three different ways. Therefore, I would further explain cognitive competence using the second model for reference. Take the example of inventors of the world’s first airplane – the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur. This is an good example to illustrate the concept of cognitive competence and the Geiwitz’s model. Applying the Geiwitz’s model, the Wright brothers’ aim was to create a â€Å"flying machine†, this is the â€Å"know what† level of cognitive competence. They then started to think and design this machine, and this is the â€Å"know how† level of cognitive competence. Finally they evaluated the products (what’s good and not good about it) and thought how to improve further. The â€Å"know how† and â€Å"know why† steps repeated. And finally an mature airplane was invented. Start Know what: to invent a flying machine Know how: How to built a better flying machine Know why: Why this model is good/not good enough Repeat A satisfatory model is invented Another example to illustrate is the development in high jump styles. The styles used in high-jumping has changed from initially scissors style, to straddle style, and finally the Fosbury style which is still using nowadays. Start Know what: to jump high Know how: What jumping style Know why: Why this style is good/not good enough Repeat A satisfatory syle is invented Factors affecting cognitive competence I think the factors affecting the development of one’s cognitive competence can be divided into intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are those confine to yourself, while extrinsic factors are those influenced by the environment. For intrinsic factors, I think there are: intelligence, personalities, knowledge and past experience. For intelligent, I think it is not difficult to imagine that it is important for high cognitive competence. Intelligence is particularly important for the â€Å"know how† and â€Å"know why† stage. Only if you are wise enough can you think of a new way to solve problem that no one has ever think of or find out what is the problem of existing method being used by other people. Moreover, intelligence is kind of inborn; therefore, cognitive competence is also inborn to a certain extent. As for personality, I think people with different personality may affect his/her performance in problem solving and the presentation of his cognitive competence. For example, if a person lacks confidence and likes to deal with problem in a low risk aspect, he/she may not abandon the existing widely used method to tackle the problem and use new methods even though he is clever enough to think of many other new potential methods. You read "Cognitive Competence" in category "Papers" They may only attempt the new ways when they are 100% more effective and safer than the existing ones. Knowledge and past experience are very similar. They both can be regarded as memory. They are very important factors that affect cognitive competence. When tackling problems, memory always acts as your â€Å"reference†, it gives you basic information and background about the problem. And help you to figure out the solution in relation to this â€Å"reference†. Like the case of the Wright brothers, when they tried to invent a flying machine, their knowledge in engineering gives them basic information of how to build it. It is interesting to notice that sometimes past experience may hinder our cognitive performance. For example, when you are dealing with a project you are very familiar with, you might too much into your experience and knowledge and think that it is impossible to explore new methods. For extrinsic factors, there are: Environment (e. g. family background, situation of the problem) and the nature of problem Environment is the major extrinsic factor affecting one’s cognitive competence. It determines many of intrinsic factors including past experience, knowledge and even personality. Environment can also affects ones attitude to deal with the problem, thus performance of cognitive competence. For example, the due date of your proposal is tomorrow morning and now is already three o’clock in the morning and you haven’t even started yet. I am sure you may feel desperate and will not spend much time to think of the new ideas. Moreover, family socialization also affects cognitive competence and intelligence of people. (Grundmann, M. ; Teo, Thomas; Socialization, intelligence, and cognitive competence (1997)) Another one is the nature of the problem. It determines one’s past experience and knowledge are useful or not. It is because the past experience and knowledge can not apply to all situation. Importance of cognitive competence in leadership Cognitive competence is important in leadership. A research points out that cognitive skills were found to be directly correlate with high-level of leadership performance in a MLE (Military Leadership Exercises) research. (Marshall-Mies et al. , 2000) Often included intelligence, general skills, crystallized skills (e. g. oral and written expression and comprehension), and creative or divergent thinking capacities are cognitive capabilities that should influence leadership performance. (Connelly, Gilbert, Zaccaro, Threlfall, Marks Mumford, 2000). I also agree that cognitive competence is important in leadership. First of all, leader with higher level of cognitive competence can deal with different kinds of problems with his own way of thinking. That means they can find out his own most effective way to tackle the problem without copying others method. This gives the leader independency that he does not need to rely on others too much. It also gives them maturity that they can have their own way of thinking. Independency and maturity surely are the important factors of a leader. This makes people happy and feeling safe to follow you. Secondly, leader with high level of cognitive competence can have great contribution to the team. They can give out a lot of useful ideas that no one has thought of before. This already makes them the strongest ones or the most unique ones in the team. People would love to follow leaders which are stronger than them. Again, this makes them feel safe. Finally, leaders with high level of cognitive competence can have a clear mind and know what is wrong in the team. They know what the team should do (goal). And they evaluate the performance of the team, and find out what should be improved. That means they are not only using cognitive skills in problem solving, but also in team management. It is because â€Å"team management† itself is already a task. People with higher cognitive competence usually have higher IQ and are conflicts encountering (Heydenberk R. A. and Heydenberk W. R. , Increasing Meta-Cognitive Competence through Conflict Resolution(2005)) Ways to enhance the level of cognitive competence Before discussing how to enhance the level of cognitive competence, I think we should first identify what cannot be changed or be improved. They are called constrains. Through understanding what are the constrains, we can focus on what can and what should be improved. The constrains include family background, intelligence and personality. These factors are sort of fixed, or can only have little change. So, to raise the level of cognitive competence, I think it is effective that we try to learn as much as possible. This is to enhance our knowledge and enrich our experience. As mentioned, knowledge and past experience are two important factors affecting one’s cognitive ability. This is because they are our own sources of information about the problem being coped. We can make use of this information to find a way to solve the problem. We may not figure out any new method, at least we know how people deal with it previously. In Janet E, Et Al, The Role of metacognition in Problem Solving, four steps of thinking is also mentioned to guide people to solve problems. They are: 1. Identifying and defining the problem 2. Mentally representing the problem 3. Planning how to proceed 4. Evaluating what you know about your performance This way of thinking can help people to organized their thoughts, so that they can deal with the problem step by step. I think it is a quite useful way to improve cognitive performance because it makes people organized and focus on one job at a time. This prevents them from being interrupted from different sources. Furthermore, it helps people to think logically. Part 2 Self-reflection Hong Kong students are known to be a copycat. We are blamed to have low level of creativity and afraid to try new things. People always say that we just copy things from others or textbooks without digesting them. But I think it is not totally my case. I am not a stupid student. I used to be very creative in primary school. Others describe me as naughty. It is because all my creativity is used in inventing new ways to play tricks on my classmates. I remember one time I played a game in an activity class. My teacher ask my group to use a deck of playing cards to build a tower as high as we can. Then we started. Other groups are using the traditional method (see left). Obviously it requires high technique. Therefore they can only built towers with few floors high. But I figured out another method. I folded up two cards, turned them sideway to make two â€Å"L† shape walls, put them facing each other to make a square wall, on top of it I placed a flat card. And I repeated to do this. Of course, my team built the highest tower. But guess what happened next. My teacher told us that was against the rules. Playing cards are not supposed to be folded (She didn’t tell us before the game). We lose that competition at the end. I think, after this event, my creativity started to slowly bury in my heart deeply. When I recall this event, I discover one important thing. That is our creativity is often being restricted by our teachers, and our education system. Teachers set all the projects, homework with rules and restrictions, trying to make them easier to mark and compare. But this made our assignments all looking the same. Examination questions have all the model answers, this made our student the same person who can only memorize answers without digesting the questions and answer them in their own way. Not that I don’t have critical thinking and creativity. It is just because they have to be thrown away to survive in HK’s education system. Take the example of A-level exams, the curriculum is very tight that teachers even cannot have time to teach us all the topics included. How would I have time to individually explore all the topics taught? Instead, in order to get high grades in this exam, I spent most of the time on memorizing past paper’s model answers. I know it would not help my cognitive development, but getting into a good university is more important to me. I believe this is also the problem of many students. Now, when I am given a problem to solve, I still try my best to explore the alternatives. May be this is due to my personality. I just don’t like to be the same with others. I like to be unique. But I think I am not creative as I was small anymore. Apart from the reason about the restrictions set by teachers just discussed, another possible reason may be due to my own knowledge and experience. As I mentioned in part 1 of this report, knowledge and experience, although can help to solve your problem, they sometimes hinder your cognitive performance. Sometimes this happens to me. I just rely too much on the knowledge and experience, and cannot think out of the box. But the major reason is still because of the education system in HK. But in the university, a place to train student’s critical thinking and creativity, I think that this problem would become less severe. To improve my cognitive abilities, I think the best way is to train to have independent critical thinking. Don’t rely too much on knowledge from any sources and my own or others’ past experience. Always try my best to look for other possible alternatives. Although this might spend a lot more time and at the end there may not come up any new things. But I think the process can also help me to develop my cognitive skills. Although it might hinder my cognitive performance, I think it is still important to enrich my knowledge and broaden my horizon. This is because learning more can let me compare different theories and thus train my independent critical thinking. They are also my valuable first encountered source when any problem comes to me. Part 3 Reference Willis SL. (1996). Everyday cognitive competence in elderly persons: conceptual issues and empirical findings, Oct;36(5):595-601 The W. T. Grant Consortium on the School-Based Promotion of Social Competence (1992: 136) Catalano, R. F. , Berglund, M. L. , Ryan, J. A. M. , Lonczak, H. S. , Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention and Treatment, 5 (15), 1-106. Grundmann, M. ; Teo, Thomas; Socialization, intelligence, and cognitive competence (1997) Marshall-Mies et al. , 2000 Connelly, Gilbert, Zaccaro, Threlfall, Marks Mumford, 2000 Heydenberk R. A. and Heydenberk W. R. , Increasing Meta-Cognitive Competence through Conflict Resolution(2005) How to cite Cognitive Competence, Papers

The Oddysey Essays - Odyssey, Odysseus, Penelope, Odyssean Gods

The Oddysey Mehoff Odyssey 11-11-99 Freshmen 3 By the time the Odyssey picks up a decade has passed since Troy was destroyed. Odysseus has been trying to get home but decree is keeping Odysseus away from home. This is all part of an evil plan. While decree is keeping Odysseus from home, tons of suitors are trying to make Odysseus's wife Penelope that he is dead. She is not convinced so they take over Odysseus's house and will not leave. The only way they will leave is if Penelope picks one of them to have as a husband. When Odysseus returns home, he is not a happy camper. He believes he must seek revenge, as well he should. The Odyssey is a different story because of its different pace and mood. The Illiad is told about the war, and it is centered on Troy. The Odyssey is stories after the war and is a little more peaceful. There is no one setting, because Odysseus is constantly trying to get home and encounters many new places. The story is fun to read because Odysseus is constantly trying to overcome decree, and other obstacles place in his path History Reports